UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT    LOS  ANGELES 


IN   MEMORIAM 
BERNARD   MOSE 


WAR   FRENCH 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK    •    BOSTON   ■    CHICAGO    •    DALLAS 
ATLANTA  -    SAN    FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited 

LONDON  ■  BOMBAY  •  CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE  MACMILLAN  CO.  OF  CANADA,  Ltd. 

TORONTO 


WAR    FRENCH 


BY 

CORNELIS  DeWITT  WILLCOX 

COLONEL,  U.  S.  ARMY 

PROFESSOR  OF  MODERN   LANGUAGES 

UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY 

WEST  POINT,  NEW  YORK 


Ncfo  gark 

THE  MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

1917 

All  rights  reserved 


Copyright,  1917, 
By  THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY. 


Set  up  and  clectrotyped.     Published  September,  1917. 
Reprinted  October,  1917. 


Nortoooo  13rras 

J.  S.  Cushing  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith  Co. 

Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


PC 


A    MON    AMI 
VlGNAL 

du  Genie  Francais 

General  de  Brigade 

Attache  militaire. 


PREFACE 

Our  officers  and  men,  under  intensive  training  for  the  war,  will 
have  but  little  time  to  make  a  formal  study  of  French.  This 
little,  book  has  accordingly  been  written  in  the  belief  that  it  may 
help  them  to  some  knowledge  of  that  language.  It  is  not  in- 
tended as  a  short  cut :  no  such  thing  exists.  But  between  total 
ignorance  of  French  and  such  acquaintance  with  it  as  may  fol- 
low from  the  study  of  the  following  pages,  there  is  a  great  differ- 
ence, useful  both  to  the  Government  and  to  our  armies.  It  is 
believed  that  any  person  of  intelligence,  and  of  resolution,  can 
master  what  is  here  given. 

My  best  thanks  are  due  to  Captain  George  M.  Russell,  U.  S. 
Cavalry,  for  suggestions  and  criticism,  and  to  Captains  John  S. 
Wood,  Ordnance  Department,  and  Parker  Kalloch,  of  the  In- 
fantry, for  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  the  Vocabulary. 

C.  De  W.  W. 

West  Point,  New  York, 
1917. 


Vll 


CONTENTS 
PART  I 

THE   FRENCH   LANGUAGE 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

I.  France 3 

II.  The  French  Language 4 

III.  Pronunciation 5 

IV.  Gender  op  Nouns 7 

V.     The  Article 8 

VI.    Plurals  and  Feminines 9 

VII.    Pronouns 10 

VIII.     The  Verb     .........  15 

IX.    Some  Remarks  on  the  Verb 61 

X.    Vocabularies  and  Conversations  ....  66 

XI.    Correspondence 85 


PART   II 

THE  FRENCH  ARMY 

I.     The  Army 89 

II.     Officers 91 

III.    Vocabularies  and  Conversations         ...      96 

ix 


CONTENTS 

PART   III 

PASSAGES  FOR  TRANSLATION  INTO  ENGLISH 

Passages  for  Translation 117 

I.     French-English  Vocabulary 125 

II.     English-French  Vocabulary 163 


PART  I 
THE  FRENCH  LANGUAGE 


WAR  FRENCH 

CHAPTER   I 
FRANCE 

Fbance  has  a  republican  form  of  government.  The  executive 
power  is  lodged  in  a  President,  elected  for  seven  years,  not  by 
the  direct  vote  of  the  people,  but  by  the  two  houses  (Senate 
and  Chamber  of  Deputies)  united  to  form  a  national  assembly. 
There  is  no  election  unless  the  majority  is  absolute. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  is  M.  Raymond  Poincare, 
born  in  1860,  and  elected  in  January,  1913.  His  official  residence 
is  the  Elysee  Palace,  at  Paris. 

The  legislature  consists  of  two  houses :  the  upper,  or  Senate, 
sitting  in  the  Palais  du  Luxembourg,  and  the  lower,  or  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  sitting  in  the  Palais  Bourbon.  From  the  Senate 
and  Chamber  of  Deputies,  the  President  usually  selects  his 
ministers  or  secretaries :  he  may,  however,  select  an  officer  to 
be  Minister  of  War,  or  of  Marine,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact,  not 
infrequently  does. 

The  Chamber  of  Deputies  is  elected  for  four  years  by  manhood 
suffrage;  every  French  citizen  twenty-one  years  of  age,  not  in 
the  military  service,  and  of  six  months'  proved  residence  in  any 
town  or  commune,  has  the  right  to  vote. 

The  Chamber  has  over  six  hundred  members.  The  Senate, 
three  hundred  members,  is  elected  for  nine  years  (one-third 
going  out  every  three  years),  by  an  electoral  body.  Senators 
and  Deputies  are  paid  three  thousand  dollars  a  year. 

The  Government  is  assisted  by  the  Council  of  State  (Conseil 
d'Etat),  appointed  by  the  President,  and  presided  over  by  the 
Minister  of  Justice.  This  Council  gives  opinions  in  all  adminis- 
trative matters  submitted  to  it  by  the  Government.     It  sits 


4  WAR    FRENCH 

as  a  court  of  last  resort  in  administrative  suits.  Adminis- 
tratively, the  territory  of  France  is  divided  into  eighty-seven 
departments  (departements).  Each  department  is  headed  by 
a  prefect  (prefet),  and  is  subdivided  into  districts  (arrondisse- 
ments),  each  of  which  is  under  a  sub-prefect  (sous-prefet). 
The  canton  is  an  aggregation  of  communes  (townships),  but  is 
not  itself  a  person  at  law.  The  unit  of  self-government  is  the 
commune,  just  mentioned  ;  it  has  a  municipal  council,  who  elect 
the  mayor  (maire). 

France  has  207,054  square  miles  of  territory,  and  a  population 
(before  the  war)  of  roughly  40,000,000. 

There  is  no  state  religion,  but  the  prevailing  religion  is  the 
Roman  Catholic.  Education  is  controlled  by  the  State.  The 
colonies  of  France  are  important ;  including  Algeria  and  Tunis, 
they  total  nearly  4,000,000  square  miles,  and  some  45,000,000 
inhabitants.  Algeria  is  regarded  not  so  much  as  a  colony  as 
a  part  of  France. 


CHAPTER   II 

THE    FRENCH   LANGUAGE 

Much  effort  is  necessary  really  to  learn  the  French  language. 
But  although  you  may  not  have  time  to  make  this  effort,  yet 
recollect  that  you  can  accomplish  a  good  deal  by  trying  to 
learn  the  pronunciation,  set  conversations,  and  lists  of  the  words 
that  you  will  need.  Recollect  that  in  order  to  make  yourself 
understood,  correct  grammar,  an  ample  vocabulary,  and  a 
knowledge  of  the  finer  points  are  not  needed.  An  officer  or 
soldier  who  knows  a  few  words  and  phrases  bearing  upon  his 
business  is  far  more  useful  to  the  Government  than  if  he  were 
ignorant  of  these  words  or  phrases.  For  example,  if  you  want 
bread  and  go  into  a  hake-shop  and  say  pain  (bread),  combien? 
(how  much?)  yon  will  have  got  what  you  want  almost  as  well 
as  if  you  had  been  able  to  run  off  a  regular  conversation  with  the 
shop-keeper.  Moreover,  if  you  make  a  start,  you  will  find  your 
stock  growing;  the  rate  at  which  it  grows  depends  upon  your 
aptitude,  the  amount  of  time  you  can  spare  to  learn,  and  espe- 
cially on  the  resolution,  the  will,  you  show  in  determining  to 
learn.     Since   your   purpose   is   to   make   yourself   understood, 


PRONUNCIATION  5 

make  up  your  mind  to  have  no  false  shame  about  your  short- 
comings. The  French  are  a  polite  people  and  will  not  make  you 
feel  uncomfortable  over  your  mistakes ;  on  the  contrary,  they 
will  help  you,  and  you  will  gain  confidence  as  you  go  on.  If  at 
a  loss  for  a  word,  try  the  English  one ;  recollect  that  many 
words  are  the  same  in  both  languages,  especially  those  ending 
in  -ation  and  -ance  (-ence  in  English),  e.g.,  nation,  nation, 
independance,  independence.  Do  not  misunderstand  what 
has  been  said  above  in  respect  of  grammar,  etc. ;  if  you  can  do 
the  grammar,  so  much  the  better,  but  if  you  cannot,  go  ahead 
as  already  suggested.  In  order  to  help  you,  to  give  you  a  hold 
as  it  were,  a  few  facts,  rules,  and  forms  are  set  out  in  the  follow- 
ing pages.  You  must  understand  that  these  are  intended  merely 
as  a  minimum  to  help  you  on,  and  that  only  a  few  of  the  "high 
points,"  as  it  were,  have  been  touched.  Lastly,  recollect  that 
in  many  short  simple  sentences,  the  kind  you  will  use,  the  order 
of  words  in  French  is  very  much  what  it  is  in  English. 


CHAPTER   III 

PRONUNCIATION 

Pronunciation,  of  course,  is  best  learned  by  having  a  native 
Frenchman  pronounce.  However,  the  following  indications  will 
be  of  service. 

Vowels 

a  (1)  like  a  in  half  e.g.,  la  chasse  (hunting) 

(2)  like  a  in  far  e.g.,  l'ame  (soul) 

(3)  like  a  in  sofa  e.g.,  le  lac  (lake) 

e  (1)  like  e  in  set  e.g.,  il  jette  (he  throws) 

(2)  like  e  in  the  when  we  say 

rapidly  "the  man"  e.g.,  mener  (to  lead) 

(this  is  the  so-called  mute  e) 
e  at  the  end  of  a  word  indicates  that  the  preceding  consonant 
is  sounded,  e.g.,  in  grand,  d  is  not  heard,  but  in  the  feminine, 
grande,  it  is. 


like  i  in  pique  e.g.,  ici  (here) 


6  WAR    FRENCH 

o  (1)  somewhat  like  u  in  run        e.g.,  il  donne  (he  gives) 
(2)  like  o  in  go  e.g.,  notre  (our,  ours) 

u  like  ii  in  the  German 
iiber ;  the  corners  of 
the  lips  must  be 
brought  very  close  to- 
gether, so  that  the  lips 
themselves  are  much 
rounded.  Try  to  pro- 
nounce shrewd,  round- 
ing the  lips  very  closely ; 
the  sound  you  will  pro- 
duce is  like  the  French 
u  e.g.,  sur  (on) 

There  are  besides  the  so-called  nasal  sounds:  they  are  all 
found  in  un  bon  vin  blanc,  a  good  white  wine.  In  these  nasals, 
the  n  or  m  must  not  be  pronounced. 

am,  em,  an,  en  are  like  haunt,  when  you  leave  off  h  and  t. 
om,  on  are  like  don't  when  you  leave  off  d  and  t. 
ain,  aim,  ein,  eim,  im,  in  are  like  ant  when  you  leave  off  t. 
eun,  eum,  um,  un  are  not  unlike  grunt  when  you  leave  off  gr  and  t. 

e  like  a  in  fate  e.g.,  le  peche  (sin) 

e  like  e  in  let,  pear  e.g.,  le  pere  (father) 

e  very  much  like  e  e.g.,  la  tete  (head) 

Vowel  compounds  are  numerous  in  French;  here  are  the 
main  ones : 

ai  like  e  (a  little  less  open)  e.g.,  j'ai,  (I  have) 

au  like  o  in  rob  e.g.,  Paul  (proper  name) 

or,  more  closed,  like  o  in  own  e.g.,  l'auge  (trough) 

ei  like  e  e.g.,  la  peine  (pain,  trouble) 

eu  somewhat  like  e  in  her  e.g.,  la  peur  (fear) 
oi  (1)  somewhat    like    wa    in 

wagon  e.g.,  croire  (to  believe) 

(2)  somewhat   broader  like 

ou  in  out  e.g.,  le  mois  (month) 

ou  like  00  in  stool  e.g.,  roux  (reddish) 


GENDER   OF   NOUNS  7 

Finally,  combinations  like  ill,  eil,  ail,  eille,  etc.,  are  pronounced 
like  y,  e.g.  fille  =  fi-y(e),  pareil  =  parey ;  the  y  is  of  the  same 
value  as  the  y  of  the  English  word  ay. 

Consonants 

Consonants  are  pronounced  very  much  as  they  are  in  English, 
but: 

c  (the  little  mark  underneath  is  the  cedilla)  =  s  in  sin 

ch  =  English  sh  e.g.,  la  chemise  (shirt) 

g  before  e  and  i  is  like  z  in  azure  e.g.,  la  givre  (hoar  frost) 

j  like  z  in  azure  e.g.',  le  jour  (day) 

gn  like  ny  in  canyon  e.g.,  le  regne  (reign) 

q  like  k  .  e.g.,  qui  (who) 

s  (1)  at  beginning  of  words  is 

sharp,  or  sibilant  e.g.,  son  (his) 
(2)  between  two  vowels,  like 

English  z  in  blaze  e.g.,  la  rose  (the  rose) 

As  a  rule,  the  last  consonant  in  French  words  is  not  pronounced 
e.g.,  sot  (stupid)  (pronounced  so) ;  sometimes,  however,  it  is ; 
the  terminal  consonants  that  are  pronounced  are  those  of  the 
word  careful.  To  these,  i.e.,  c,  r,  f,  1,  must  be  added  final  s, 
which  is  sometimes  pronounced. 

Get  some  one  who  knows  French,  if  there  is  any  such  person 
about,  to  run  over  these  sounds  for  you.  Pronunciation  is  a 
matter  of  ear,  and  is  hard  to  reproduce  by  symbols. 


CHAPTER   IV 

GENDER   OF   NOUNS 

Unfortunately  for  beginners,  all  nouns  in  French  are 
either  masculine  or  feminine;  a  few  are  both.  Rules  are  of 
very  little  use  here :  gender  must  be  learned  by  observation. 
If  when  you  learn  a  word,  you  will  repeat  the  article  with  it, 
you  will  find  that  the  gender  will  stick  better  in  your  memory. 
Gender  is  not  always  a  matter  of  sex,  e.g.,  recruit  is  la  recrue, 
sentry  is  la  sentinelle. 


8  WAR   FRENCH 

The  following  may  help : 

(1)  Are  masculine :  names  of  most  male  beings,  titles  of 
males,  countries  not  ending  in  e,  mountains  not  ending  in  es, 
rivers,  cardinal  points  and  winds,  seasons,  months  and  days  of 
the  week,  trees  and  shrubs,  metals,  weights  and  measures 
(metric  system). 

Recollect  that  the  names  of  nearly  all  French  rivers  ending 
in  e  are  feminine :   la  Loire,  but  le  Rhone. 

(2)  Are  feminine :  names  of  most  female  beings,  titles  of 
females,  countries  ending  in  e,  fruits  and  flowers,  arts  and 
sciences,  and  trades. 


CHAPTER  V 

THE   ARTICLE 

The  definite  article  in  French  takes  a  different  form  accord- 
ing as  the  noun  it  determines  is  masculine  or  feminine.  We 
have  thus : 

for  the  singular  masculine  le,  e.g.,  le  fusil,  the  gun. 

If  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  or  with  the  so-called  mute  h  x 
the  e  is  elided,  and  an  apostrophe  substituted,  e.g.,  l'arsenal, 
the  arsenal,  l'homme,  the  man.  But  we  must  saj'  le  hamac, 
the  hammock,  because  this  h  is  not  mute. 

"Of  the,"  de  le,  does  not  exist  for  words  beginning  with  a 
consonant  or  h  mute ;  we  must  say  du,  e.g.,  du  pain  (some 
bread),  du  hamac  (of  the  hammock).  But  if  the  word  begins 
with  a  vowel  or  mute  h,  we  use  de  1',  e.g.,  de  l'argent  (some) 
money,  de  l'homme,  of  the  man.  Recollect  that  du  =  de  le 
only  when  le  is  the  article.  Le  is  also  a  pronoun,  meaning  him 
or  it ;  the  pronoun  does  not  contract  with  de ;  thus :  je  suis 
heureux  de  le  voir,  I  am  happy  to  see  him. 

"To  the"  is  not  a  le,  but  au,  before  a  consonant  or  h  not 
mute,  e.g.,  au  drapeau,  to  the  flag;    au  havresac,  to  the  knap- 

1  h  in  French  is  never  pronounced  :  when  it  does  not  prevent  elision  it 
is  called  the  mute  h :  when  not  mute,  it  is  no  more  pronounced  than  if  it 
were,  but  m  this  case  it  does  prevent  elision.  Observation  must  be 
practiced  to  determine  the  two  cases. 


PLURALS   AND   FEMININES  9 

sack.     Before  a  vowel  or  mute  h,  we  have,  however,  a  1',  e.g., 
a  Tangle,  to  the  angle ;    a  l'horizon,  at  the  horizon. 

Au  =  a  le,  only  when  le  is  the  article ;  if  it  is  the  pronoun 
(him  or  it),  no  contraction  takes  place  with  a,  thus :  j'aime  a  le 
faire,  I  like  to  do  it. 

The  feminine  article  is  la,  e.g.,  la  batterie,  the  battery.  A 
vowel  or  mute  h  cuts  la  down  to  1',  e.g.,  l'artillerie,  the  artillery ; 
l'heure,  the  hour.  The  other  h  restores  la,  e.g.,  la  hausse,  the 
rear  sight. 

"Of  the"  (feminine)  is  always  de  la  (de  1'  before  vowels  and 
mute  h),  de  la  cavalerie,  de  l'artillerie,  de  l'heure,  de  la  hausse. 

The  plural  is  much  simpler ;  les  for  both  masculine  and 
feminine,  whether  beginning  with  vowels,  consonants,  or  with 
the  two  h's,  e.g.,  les  drapeaux,  the  flags,  les  batteries,  batteries, 
les  hausses,  rear  sights,  les  hamacs,  hammocks.  "Of  the" 
in  the  plural  is  in  all  cases  des,  e.g.,  des  chevaux,  des  heures, 
des  hausses.  And  similarly  of  "to  the,"  it  is  always  aux,  e.g., 
aux  angles,  aux  batteries,  aux  drapeaux. 

The  article  is  habitually  used  before  every  noun  in  French. 
When  the  article  is  expressed  in  English,  there  is  no  difficulty. 
But  nouns  are  frequently  used  in  English  with  no  article  or 
other  word.  The  student  must  figure  out  for  himself  if  the 
statement  is  general  or  only  refers  to  a  few  or  a  little. 

Sacks  are  heavy.  Les  sacs  sont  lourds. 

"Water,     water,"  murmured      "  De  l'eau,  de  l'eau,"  murmu- 

the  wounded.  raient  les  blesses. 

Give  us  bread.  Donnez-nous  du  pain. 

We  say,  "I  have  (some)  money,"  but  the  French  put  it,  "J'ai 
del'argent,"  I  have  of  the  money.  This  is  the  so-called  partitive 
use  of  the  article. 


CHAPTER   VI 

PLURALS   AND   FEMININES 

The  plural  of  nouns  is  formed  in  the  vast  majority  of  cases 
by  adding  s  to  the  singular,  e.g.,  la  grenade,  les  grenades  (the 
grenade,  the  grenades).  (There  are  some  exceptions:  never 
mind  them,  except  that  nouns  ending  in  au,  eu,  form  the  plural 


10  WAR    FRENCH 

by  adding  x,  e.g.,  le  tableau,  the  picture,  les  tableaux;  and  that 
most  nouns  ending  in  al  change  this  to  aux  for  the  plural,  e.g., 
le  cheval,  the  horse,  les  chevaux.) 

The  feminine  of  qualifying  adjectives  is  formed  by  adding  e 
to  the  masculine,  e.g.,  blesse,  m.,  blessee,  f.,  wounded.  Of 
course  if  the  masculine  already  ends  in  e,  no  change  is  made  to 
get  the  feminine.  If  the  masculine  ends  in  a  consonant,  the 
addition  of  e  to  form  the  feminine  causes  the  consonant  to  be 
heard,  e.g.,  petit,  small  (pronounced  petee;  but  the  feminine 
petite,  is  pronounced  peteet).  Sometimes,  in  forming  the 
feminine  by  adding  e,  the  final  consonant  of  the  masculine  is 
doubled,  e.g.,  sot,  sotte. 

Adjectives  must  agree  with  their  nouns  in  gender  and  number ; 
they  form  the  plural  like  nouns.     Examples : 

Tous   les  chevaux  de   cet   es-  All   the  horses  of   that   troop 

eadron  sont  bruns.  are  brown. 

Les     tranchees     de     l'ennemi  The  trenches  of  the  enemy  are 

sont  profondes.  deep. 

Adjectives  are  compared  by  the  adverb  plus  for  the  compara- 
tive, and  le  plus  for  the  superlative,  thus : 

grand,  big;   plus  grand,  bigger;   le  plus  grand,  the  biggest 


CHAPTER  VII 

PRONOUNS 

This  list  of  pronouns  may  seem  long  to  you,  but  it  is  indispen- 
sable to  know  something  about  them  : 

(a)  The  personal  pronouns  are  : 

Subject  Direct  Object       Indirect  Object 

1st        je,  I  me  (after  verb,    me  (after  verb 

person  moi)  me  moi)  to  me 

2d         tu,  thou  te  (after  verb,     te  (after  verb 

Sing.  \    person  toi)  thee  toi)  to  thee 

[You  will  never  have  occasion  to  use  the  pronouns  of 
the  2d  person  singular.  They  are  used  in  families,  by 
very  intimate  friends,  and  by  master  to  servant.] 


Sing. 


PL 


PRONOUNS 

11 

3d 
person 

Subject 

il,  he 

elle,  she 

on,  (indefi- 
nite pro- 
noun) 

Direct  Object 

le,  him 

la,  her 

se,  himself, 

herself, 

itself 

Indirect  Object 
lui,  to  him,  to  her 

to  it 
se,  to  himself,  to 

herself,  etc. 

1st 

nous,  we 

nous,  us 

nous,  to  us 

pel  oUll 

2d 

vous,  you 

vous,  you 

vous,  to  you 

3d 
person 

ils,  they 
(mas.) 

elles,  they 
(fern.) 

les,  them 
(mas.  and 
fern.) 

se,  themselves 

leur,  to  them 

(mas.  and 

fern.) 
se,  to  themselves 

Examples : 

Je  vous  donne  le  pistolet. 
Donnez-moi  votre  sabre. 
II  nous  a  vus. 
Cachez-vous,    voila   un   avion 

qui  vient. 
II  m'a  donne   son  paquet  de 

pansement. 
On  dit  que    l'ennemi  viendra 


I  give  you  the  pistol. 

Give  me  your  sword. 

He  has  seen  us. 

Hide   yourselves,   there  is   an 

airplane  coming. 
He  has  given   me  his  first-aid 

packet. 
They  say  the  enemy  will  come 

to-morrow. 


demain. 

Note.  —  me,  te,  se,  le  lose  the  e  and  substitute  an  apostrophe 
before  a  vowel  and  h  mute. 

(b)  Among  the  relative  pronouns,  the  important  ones  are : 

qui,  who,  which,  that ;   whom  (after  a  preposition) 

que,  whom,  which,  that 

dont,  whose,  of  whom,  of  which 

(These  pronouns  are  invariable,  i.e.,  same  for  singular  and 
plural,  masculine  and  feminine.) 


Examples : 

L'officier  qui  arrive,  vient  du 
quartier-general  anglais. 


The  officer  who  is 
comes  from  the 
headquarters. 


arriving 
English 


12 


WAR    FRENCH 


Le  sergent  que  vous  eonnaissez 

n'est  plus  iei. 
Le  lieutenant  dont  vous  avez 

le  sifflet,  a  ete  blesse  hier. 

Le  general  de  qui  nous  parlions 
ce  matin  sort  de  l'infanterie. 


The  sergeant  whom  you  know 
is  no  longer  here. 

The  lieutenant  whose  whistle 
you  have  was  wounded 
yesterday. 

The  general  of  whom  we  were 
speaking  this  morning  comes 
from  the  infantry.  (Instead 
of  de  qui,  you  could  also 
say  dont,  duquel,  of  whom.) 


(c)  Among  interrogative  pronouns,  the  important  ones  are  : 


qui  '. 
que? 
Examples : 

Qui  vive? 

Que  voulez-vous? 
Qu'est-ce  que  vous  voulez? 
Qui  avez- vous  vu? 


who?  whom? 
what? 


Who     goes     there?     (sentry's 

challenge) 
What  do  you  want  ? 
What  is  it  that  you  want? 
Whom  did  you  see? 


Interrogative  adjectives  are 

Singular       Plural 
Mas.     quel  ? 


Fern,     quelle  ? 


Suetes?}what?wllich? 


Examples : 


Dans  quelle  batterie  avez-vous 
servi  ? 


In    what    battery    have    you 
served  ? 


(d)  Demonstrative  pronouns : 
Singular 

Mas.  celui,  this  (one) 

Fern,  celle,  this  (one) 

Mas.  celui-ci,  this  one  (here) 

Fem.  celle-ci,  this  one  (here) 

Mas.  celui-la,  that  one  (there) 

Fem.  celle-la,  that  one  (there) 


Plural 

ceux,  these 
celles,  these 
ceux-ci,  these  (here) 
celles-ci,  these  (here) 
ceux-la,  those  (there) 
celles-la,  those  (there) 


PRONOUNS 


13 


Demonstrative  adjectives : 

Singular 

Mas.     ce  (cet) 
Fern,     cette 


Plural 

ces 
oes 


Examples : 

ce  colonel 
(but)  cet  officier 


this  colonel 
this  officer 


(Ce  becomes  cet  before  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  or 
mute  h.) 


cette  armee 

ces  generaux 

ees  officiers 

cette    compagnie    du    premier 

regiment 
Ces  batteries  ont  vu  le  feu. 


(e)  Possessive  pronouns : 


this  army 

these  generals 

these  officers 

this  company  of  the  first  regi- 
ment 

these  batteries  have  been 
under  fire  (literally,  have 
seen  the  fire). 


Mas.  singular :   mon,  ton,  son,  notre,  votre,  leur ;   my,  thy,  his, 

our,  your,  their 
Fern,  singular :  ma,  sa,  ta,  notre,  votre,  leur 
Plural  of  both  genders :   mes,  tes,  ses,  nos,  vos,  lews 


Examples : 

Mon  kepi  est  vieux. 
Notre  colonel  est  jeune. 
Mes  brodequins  sont  uses. 
Nos  obus  tombent  sur  l'ennemi. 
Leurs  canons  sont  uses. 
Leurs  grenades  sont  mauvaises. 


My  cap  is  old. 
Our  colonel  is  young. 
My  (soldier)  shoes  are  worn. 
Our  shells  fall  on  the  enemy. 
Their  guns  are  worn  out. 
Their   grenades    (bombs)     are 
poor. 


Notice  that  whereas  we  say  in  English,  his  hat,  her  hat,  ac- 
cording as  the  owner  is  a  man  or  woman,  the  French  say  in  both 
cases  son  chapeau. 


14  WAR   FRENCH 

(f )  Miscellaneous : 

A  thing  already  identified  may  be  referred  to  as  il  or  elle : 
"Avez-vous  vu  raon  kepi?"  (Have  you  seen  my  forage  cap?) 
"II  etait  ici  tout  a,  l'heure."     (It  was  here  just  now.) 

But  if  it  is  a  question  of  establishing  the  identity  of  an  object, 
ce  is  used:  "Qu'avez  vous  a,  la  main?"  (What  have  you  in 
your  hand?)  "C'est  un  casque  allemand  que  j'ai  trouve  dans 
la  tranchee  ennemie."  (It  is  a  German  helmet  that  I  found  in 
an  enemy  trench.) 

Ce  is  used  when  there  is  a  noun  in  the  predicate  even  when 
identity  is  established  and  every  one  knows  who  or  what  is  under 
discussion.  "C'est  le  boute-en-train  de  la  compagnie."  (He 
is  the  life  of  the  company.) 

With  an  adjective  in  the  predicate,  use  il  or  elle.  "Laissez- 
moi  voir  votre  porte-cigarettes.  II  est  joli."  (Let  me  see, 
show  me,  your  cigarette-case.     It  is  pretty.) 

The  two  following  sentences  have  no  difference  in  meaning, 
but  each  follows  the  rule  just  stated : 

C'est  un  Frangais.  He  is  a  Frenchman. 

II  est  Francais.  He  is  a  Frenchman. 

Ce  may  stand  for  an  idea :  "C'est  vrai,"  i.e.,  All  that  you  have 
said  is  true. 

Sometimes,  when  one  does  not  wish  to  take  the  trouble  to 
refer  to  a  thing,  distinguishing  its  gender  by  il  or  elle,  one  may 
simply  say  "ceci,"  this;    "cela."  that. 

When  two  conjunctive  pronouns  '  come  together,  the  one  in 
the  third  person  is  placed  next  to  the  verb.  If  both  are  in  the 
third  person,  le,  la,  les  precede  lui,  leur.  Notice  the  following 
examples : 

II  me  le  donne.  He  gives  it  to  me. 

Donnez-le-moi.  Give  it  to  me. 

Ne  nous  le  donnez  pas.  Do  not  give  it  to  us. 

II  le  leur  donne.  He  gives  it  to  them. 

1  Conjunctive  pronouns  are  those  used  as  subject,  object,  or  indirect 
object  of  an  expressed  verb,  e.g.,  je,  la,  etc.  Disjunctive  pronouns  are 
those  not  so  used,  e.g.,  after  a  preposition,  pour  moi,  for  me,  or  for  em- 
phasis;  as,  j'ai  soif,  nioi,  I  am  thirsty,  I  am. 


THE   VERB  15 

The  combinations  are  given  in  the  table  below,  for  reference, 
or  better,  to  be  learned  by  heart : 

All  cases  except  with  affirma-  With  affirmative  imperatives, 
tive  imperatives,  and  coming  coming  directly  after  the  verb, 
directly  before  the  verb.  with  hyphens. 

-le    1  -le 


me  {  la  nous  <!  la  -la    )  -moi  -la    }  -nous 

-les  J  -les  J 

-le    1       m  -le 

vous  <  la  -la    \  -lui  -la    }  -leur 

-les  j  -les  J 

leur 


It  is  necessary  to  know  how  to  use  the  pronouns  en  and  y ; 
they  occur  frequently.  En  takes  the  place  of  de  and  an  object 
pronoun,  referring  to  a  thing.     Notice  the  following  examples : 

Avez-vous  mon  rasoir  ?  Have  you  my  razor  ?     I  need  it 

J'en  ai  besoin.  (have  need  of  it). 

Avez-vous  de  l'argent  ?  Have  you  any  money  ? 

J'en  ai.  I  have  (some  of  it). 

Y  takes  the  place  of  a  and  an  object  pronoun,  referring  to  a 
thing,  e.g. : 

Repondez-vous  a  la  lettre  ?      Are  you  answering  the  letter  ? 
J'y  ai  deja  repondu.  I  have  already  answered  it. 


CHAPTER   VIII 

THE    VERB 

French  verbs  are  somewhat  troublesome.  There  are  four  1 
conjugations,  characterized  by  the  terminations  of  the  infinitive, 
thus:    1st,  parler,  to  speak;    2d,  finir,  to  finish;    3d,  recevoir, 

1  Some  authorities  recognize  only  three  conjugations,  considering  verbs 
ending  in  -oir  to  belong  to  the  second. 


16 


WAR    FRENCH 


to  receive ;  4th,  rendre,  to  give  back.  The  learning  of  the  verb 
may  be  somewhat  simplified  by  recollecting  that  the  majority 
of  verbs  are  found  in  the  first  conjugation  and  that  it  is  the 
easiest  to  learn  and  to  recollect ;  it  contains  fewer  irregularities 
than  the  others.  Next,  some  of  the  tenses  of  the  verb  are  com- 
paratively seldom  used  :  for  your  purposes,  this  authorizes  you 
to  fix  your  attention  upon  the  other  tenses  that  are  in  frequent 
use.  In  the  following  forms,  all  the  tenses  are  given  for  avoir 
and  etre  (to  have  and  to  be)  on  account  of  the  importance  of 
these  verbs,  and  of  parler,  so  that  you  may  have  a  complete 
model.  The  remaining  forms  present,  however,  only  the  tenses 
most  frequently  used.  You  need  not  bother  about  the  second 
person  singular,  for  you  will  never  have  occasion  to  use  it. 
Another  point  to  recollect  is  that  the  terminations  of  the  same 
tenses  of  the  different  conjugations  are,  in  most  cases,  practi- 
cally identical  —  when  you  have  learned  one  verb,  you  have 
less  to  do  to  learn  a  second  than  you  had  in  learning  the  first. 
The  irregular  verbs  conjugated  below  come  up  at  almost  every 
moment.     The  list  that  follows  is  for  reference. 


CONJUGATION    OF   AVOIR  =  TO   HAVE 

Present  Infinitive  Past  Infinitive 

avoir  to  have  avoir  eu  to  have  had 

Present   Participle  Compound  of  Present  Participle 

ayant  having  ayant  eu  having  had 

Past   Participle 
eu  (m.  ».),  eue  (/.  s.),  eus  (m.  pi),  eus  (/.  pi),  had 


SIMPLE    TENSES 

Present 


J'ai 
Tu  as 

II  a 

Elle  a 


I  have 
thou  hast 

he  has 
she  has 


Indicative 

compound  tenses 
Past  Indefinite 
S.    J'ai  eu  I  have  had 


Tu  as  eu 

II  a  eu 
Elle  a  eu 


thou       hast 

had 
he  has  had 
she  has  had 


THE   VERB 


17 


SIMPLE    TENSES 

Present 
On  a 


one  has,  people 
have 


PL  Nous  avons  we  have 
Vous  avez    you  have 


lis  ont 
Elles  ont 


they  have 
they  have 


S. 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

Past  Indefinite 

On  a  eu  one  has  had, 

people 
have  had 


PI.  Nous  avons  eu  we  have  had 
Vous  avez  eu  you       have 

had 
lis  ont  eu         they      have 

had 
Elles  ont  eu     they      have 

had 


Imperfect 

J'avais  I  had  or  I  used  to 

have 
Tu  avais        thou      hadst      or 

used  to  have 
II  avait  he  had  or  used  to 

have 
On  avait        one    (people)    had 

or  used  to  have 
Nous  avions  we  had  or  used  to 

have 
Vous  aviez    you  had  or  used  to 

have 
lis  avaient    they  had  or  used 

to  have 


Pluperfect 
J'avais  eu  I  had  had 

Tu  avais  eu         thou        hadst 

had 
II  avait  eu  he  had  had 

On  avait  eu         one  had  had 

Nous  avions  eu  we  had  had 

Vous  aviez  eu     you  had  had 

lis  avaient  eu      they  had  had 


Past  Definite 
J'eus  had 


Tu  eus 
II  eut 


thou  hadst 
he  had 


On  eut  one  had 

Nous  eumes  we  had 
Vous  eutes     you  had 
lis  eurent        they  had 


Past  Anterior 

J'eus  eu  I  had  had 

Tu  eus  eu  thou    hadst 

had 
II  eut  eu  he  had  had 

On  eut  eu  one  had  had 

Nous  eumes  eu  we  had  had 
Vous  eutes  eu     you  had  had 
lis  eurent  eu       they  had  had 


18 


WAR   FRENCH 


SIMPLE   TENSES 

Future 

J'aurai  I    shall    or    will 

have 
Tu  auras         thou  shalt  or  wilt 

have 

II  aura  he    shall    or   will 

have 
On  aura  one  shall  or  will 

have 
Nous  aurons  we   shall   or  will 

have 
Vous  aurez     you  shall  or  will 

have 
lis  auront        they  shall  or  will 

have 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

Future  Anterior 

J'aurai  eu  I  shall  or  will 

have  had 
Tu  auras  eu        thou    shalt    or 

wilt        have 

had 
II  aura  eu  he  shall  or  will 

have  had 
On  aura  eu         one  shall  or  will 

have  had 
Nous  aurons  eu  we  shall  or  will 

have  had 
Vous  aurez  eu   you     shall     or 

will  have  had 
lis  auront  eu      they    shall    or 

will  have  had 


Conditional 


Present 


J'aurais  I       should       or 

would  have 

Tu  aurais  thou  shouldst  or 
wouldst  have 

II  aurait  he      should      or 

would  have 

On  aurait  one  should  or 
would  have 

Nous  aurions  we  should  or 
would  have 

Vous  auriez  you  should  or 
would  have 

lis  auraient  they  should  or 
would  have 


Past 


1st  Form  2d  Form 

J'aurais  eu  J'eusse  eu 

I  should  or  would  have  had 
Tu  aurais  eu  Tu  eusses  eu 
thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have 

had 
II  aurait  eu         II  eut  eu 

he  should  or  would  have  had 
On  aurait  eu       On  eut  eu 
one  should  or  would  have  had 
Nous  aurions      Nous  eussions 

eu  eu 

we  should  or  would  have  had 
Vous     auriez      Vous  eussiez 

eu  eu 

you  should  or  would  have  had 
Us  auraient  eu  lis  eussent  eu 
they  should  or  would  have  had 


THE 

VERB 

19 

Imperative 

Aie 

have  (thou) 

Ayez 

have  (you) 

Ayons 

let  us  or  me  have 

Subjunctive 

SIMPLE   TENSES 

COMPOUND    TENSES 

Present 

Past 

Que  j'aie             that     I 

may 

Que  j'aie  eu 

that      I      may 

have 

have  had 

Que  tu  aies         that    thou 

Que  tu  aies  eu 

that    thou 

mayest  have 

mayest   have 

had 

Qu'il  ait               that    he 

may 

Qu'il  ait  eu 

that     he     may 

have 

have  had 

Qu'on  ait              that  one 

may 

Qu'on  ait  eu 

that    one    may 

have 

have  had 

Que  nous  ayons  that    we 

may 

Que  nous 

that     we     may 

have 

ayons  eu 

have  had 

Que  vous  ayez    that  you 

may 

Que  vous 

that    you    may 

have 

ayez  eu 

have  had 

Qu'ils  aient         that  they  may 

Qu'ils  aient  eu 

that  they  may 

have 

have  had 

Imperfect 

Pluperfect 

Que  j'eusse      that     I 

might 

Que  j'eusse  eu     that  I  might 

have 

have  had 

Que  tu  eusses  that  thou 

Que  tu  eusses  eu  that  thou 

mightest  have 

mightest 

have  had 

Qu'il  eut           that    he    i 

might 

Qu'il  eut  eu 

that  he 

have 

might 
have  had 

Qu'on  eut         that  one  ] 

might 

Qu'on  eut  eu 

that  one 

have 

might 
have  had 

Que  nous          that   we   i 

might 

Que  nous 

that  we 

eussions           have 

eussions  eu 

might 
have  had 

20 


WAR   FRENCH 


SIMPLE   TENSES  COMPOUND   TENSES 

Imperfect  Pluperfect 

Que  vous  that  you  might       Que  vous  that  you 

eussiez  have  eussiez  eu  might 

have  had 
Qu'ils  eussent  that  they  might       Qu'ils  eussent  eu  that  they 
have  might 

have  had 


CONJUGATION   OF  ETRE  =  TO  BE 


Present  Infinitive 
etre  to  be 


Past  Infinitive 
avoir  ete  to  have  been 


Present   Participle  Compound  of  Present  Participle 

etant  being         ayant  ete  having  been 


Past 

Participle 

ete  (invariable)  been 

Indicative 

SIMPLE 

TENSES 

COMPOUND    TENSES 

Present 

Past  Indefinite 

S.    Je  suis 

I  am 

S. 

J'ai  ete 

I  have  been 

Tu  es 

thou  art 

Tu  as  ete 

thou  hast 
been 

11  est 

he  is 

11  a  ete 

he  has  been 

Elle  est 

she  is 

Elle  a  ete 

she  has  been 

On  est 

one  is,  peo 
pie  are 

On  a  ete 

one  has  been, 
people  have 
been 

PI.  Nous  sommes  we  are 

PI. 

Nous  avons 

we  have  been 

ete 

Vous  etes 

you  are 

Vous  avez 
ete 

you  have  been 

lis  sont 

they  are 

lis  on  ete 

they  have 
been 

Elles  sont 

they  are 

Elles  ont 
ete 

they  have 
been 

THE    VERB 


21 


SIMPLE   TENSES 

Imperfect 

J'etais  I     was      or    used 

to  be 
Tu  etais        thou      wast        or 

used  to  be 
II  etr.it  he    was     or    used 

to  be 
On  etait        one  was,  used  to 

be,  people  were, 

used  to  be 
Nous  etions  we  were    or  used 

to  be 
Vous  etiez     you  were    or  used 

to  be 
lis  etaient     they  were  or  used 

to  be 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

Pluperfect 
J'avais  ete  I  had  been 

Tu  avais  ete        thou     hadst 

been 
II  avait  ete  he  had  been 

On  avait  ete        one  had  been, 
people  had 
been 

Nous  avions  ete  we  had  been 

Vous  aviez  ete    you  had  been 
lis  avaient  ete    they  had  been 


Past   Definite 

Je  fus  I  was 

Tu  fus  thou  wast 

11  fut  he  was 

On  fut  one  was 

Nous  fumes  we  were 
Vous  futes    you  were 
lis  furent       they  were 


Past  Anterior 

J'eus  ete  I  had  been 

Tu  eus  ete  thou     hadst 

been 
II  eut  ete  he  had  been 

On  eut  ete  one  had  been 

Nous  eumes  ete  we  had  been 
Vous  eutes  ete    you  had  been 
lis  eurent  ete     they  had  been 


Future 
Je  serai  I  shall  or  will  be 

Tu  seras         thou  shalt  or  wilt 
be 

II  sera  he  shall  or  will  be 

On  sera  one  shall  or  will  be 


Future  Anterior 


J'aurai  ete 
Tu  auras  ete 


II  aura  ete 
On  aura  ete 


I  shall  or  will 

have  been 
thou   shalt   or 

wilt   have 

been 
he  shall  or  will 

have  been 
one     shall     or 

will       have 

been 


22 


WAR   FRENCH 


SIMPLE    TENSES 

Future 
Nous  serons  we  shall  or  will  be 

Vous  serez     you  shall  or  will 
be 


lis  seront 


they  shall  or  will 
be 


COMPOUND    TENSES 

Future  Anterior 

Nous  aurons  ete  we  shall  or  will 
have  been 

Vous  aurez  ete  you  shall  or 
will  have 
been 

lis  auront  ete  they  shall  or 
will  have 
been 


Conditional 


Je  serais 
Tu  serais 


Present 


I  should  or  would 

be 
thou  shouldst  or 

wouldst  be 


II  serait  he      should      or 

would  be 

On  serait  one  should  or 
would  be 

Nous  serions  we  should  or 
would  be 

Vous  seriez  you  should  or 
would  be 

lis  seraient  they  should  or 
would  be 


Past 


1st  Form 


2d  Form 


J'aurais  ete         J'eusse  ete 

I  should  or  would  have  been 
Tu  aurais  ete  Tu  eusses  ete 
thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have 

been 
II  aurait  ete        II  eut  ete 
he  should  or  would  have  been 
On  aurait  ete      On  eut  ete 
one  should  or  would  have  been 
Nous  aurions      Nous  eussions 

ete  ete 

we  should  or  would  have  been 
Vous  auriez        Vous  eussiez 

ete  ete 

you  should  or  would  have  been 
lis  aurient  ete  lis  eussent  ete 
they  should  or  would  have  been 


Imperative 


Sois 

Soyez 

Soyons 


be  (thou) 

be  (you) 

let  us  or  me  be 


THE   VERB 


23 


Subjunctive 


SIMPLE   TENSES 

Present 
Que  je  sois  that  I  may  be 

Que  tu  sois  that  thou 

mayest  be 
Qu'il  soit  that  he  may 

be 
Qu'on  soit  that  one  may 

be 
Que  nous  soyons  that  we  may 

be 
Que  vous  soyez    that  you  may 

be 
Qu'ils  soient         that         they 

may  be 

.    Imperfect 

Que  je  fusse  that  I  might 

be 

Que  tu  fusses  that  thou 

mightest 
be 

Qu'il  fiit  that  he 

might  be 

Qu'on  fut  that  one 

might  be 

Que  nous  fussions  that  we 

might  be 

Que  vous  fussiez   that  you 

might  be 

Qu'ils  fussent  that  they 

might  be 


COMPOUND   TENSES 
Past 

Que  j'aie  ete    that      I      may 

have  been 
Que  tu  aies  ete  that  thou  may- 
est have  been 
that    he     may 

have  been 
that    one    may 

have  been 
that    we    may 

have  been 
that    you    may 
have  been 
Qu'ils  aient  ete  that  they  may 
have  been 


Qu'il  ait  ete 
Qu'on  ait  ete 

Que  nous 
ayons  ete 

Que  vous 
ayez  ete 


Pluperfect 


Que  j'eusse  ete 

Que  tu  eusses 
ete 

Qu'il  eut  ete 

Qu'on  eut  ete 

Que  nous 

eussions  ete 
Que  vous 

eussiez  ete 
Qu'ils  eussent 

ete 


that    I    might 

have  been 
that  thou 

mightest 

have  been 
that  he  might 

have  been 
that  one  might 

have  been 
that  we  might 

have  been 
that  you  might 

have  been 
that  they 

might  have 

been 


24 


WAR    FRENCH 


FIRST    CONJUGATION    ENDING    IN    ER 
PARLER   =  TO    SPEAK 


Present  Infinitive 

parler  to  speak 

Present  Participle 

parlant  speaking 


Past  Infinitive 
avoir  parle  to  have  spoken 

Compound  of  Present  Participle 
ayant  parle  having  spoken 


Past   Participle 
Parle  (m.  s.),  parlee  (/.  s.),  paries  (m.  pi.),  parlees  (J.  pi.),  spoken 


Indicative 


SIMPLE   TENSES 

Present 


Je  parle 
Tu  paries 

II  parle 
Elle  parle 


I  speak  or  I  am 
speaking 

thou  speakest  or 
thou  art  speak- 
ing 

he  speaks  or  he  is 
speaking 

she  speaks  or  she 
is  speaking 


On  parle  one  speaks  or  one 
is  speaking 

Nous  parlons  we  speak  or  we 
are  speaking 

Vous  parlez  you  speak  or  you 
are  speaking 

lis  parlent  they  speak  or 
they  are  speak- 
ing 

Elles  parlent  they  speak  or 
they  are  speak- 
ing 


J'ai  parle 
Tu  as  parle 


COMPOUND  TENSES 

Past  Indefinite 

[  have 
spoken 


II  a  parle 
Elle  a  parle 

On  a  parle 


thou  hast 
spoken 

he  has 

spoken 
she  has 

spoken 


one  has 
spoken 

Nous  avons  parle  we  have 
spoken 

Vous  avez  parle     you  have 


lis  ont  parle 
Elles  ont  parle 


spoken 
they  have 
spoken 

they  have 
spoken 


THE 

VERB                                            25 

SIMPLE  TENSES 

COMPOUND   TENSES 

Imperfect 

Pluperfect 

Je  parlais        I  was  speaking, 

J'avais  parle            I  had 

used  to  speak 

spoken 

Tu  parlais        thou  wast  speak- 

Tu avais  parle         thou  hadst 

ing,     used     to 

spoken 

speak 

11  parlait          he  was  speaking, 

H  avait  parle,          he  had 

used  to  speak 

spoken 

On  parlait       one   was    speak- 

On avait  parle         one  had 

ing,     used    to 

spoken 

speak 

Nous  parlions  we   were   speak- 

Nous avions  parle  we  had 

ing,     used     to 

spoken 

speak 

Vous  parliez    you  were  speak- 

Vous aviez  parl6     you  had 

ing,     used     to 

spoken 

speak 

lis  parlaient    they  were  speak- 

lis avaient  parle     they  had 

ing,     used    to 

spoken 

speak 

Past  Definite 

Past  Anterior 

Je  parlai             I  spoke 

J'eus  parle              I  had  spoken 

Tu  parlas            thou  spokest 

Tu  eus  parle           thou  hadst 

spoken 

11  parla                he  spoke 

11  eut  parlg             he  had 

spoken 

On  parla            one  spoke 

On  eut  parle           one  had 

spoken 

Nous  parlames  we  spoke 

Nous  eftmes  parle  we  had 

spoken 

Vous  parlates    you  spoke 

Vous  eutes  parle   you  had 

spoken 

lis  parlSrent      they  spoke 

lis  eurent  parle      they  had 

spoken 

Future 

Fut ure   Anterior 

Je  parlerai          I  shall  or  will 

J'aurai  parle     I    shall    or   will 

speak 

have  spoken 

26 


WAR   FRENCH 


SIMPLE   TENSES 

F  id  ure 

Tu  parleras         thou    shalt    or 

wilt  speak 
II  pari  era  he  shall  or  will 

speak 
On  parlera  one     shall     or 

will  speak 
Nous  parlerons  we  shall  or  will 

speak 
Vous  parlerez     you     shall     or 

will  speak 
lis  parleront       they    shall    or 

will  speak 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

Future  Anterior 


Tu  auras  parle 
II  aura  parle 
On  aura  parle 

Nous  aurons 

parle 
Vous  aurez 

parle 
lis  auront 

parle 


thou  shalt  or  wilt 

have  spoken 
he  shall  or  will 

have  spoken 
one  shall  or  will 

have  spoken 
we  shall  or  will 

have  spoken 
you  shall  or  will 

have  spoken 
they  shall  or  will 

have  spoken 


Conditional 


Present 


Past 


1st  Form 


2d  Form 


Je  parlerais 
Tu  parlerais 

II  parlerait 
On  parlerait 


I  should  or 
would  speak 

thou  shouldst 
or  wouldst 
speak 

he  should  or 
would  speak 

one  should  or 
would  speak 


Nous  parlerions  we    should    or 
would  speak 


Vous  parleriez     you  should  or 
would  speak 


lis  parleraient     they  should  or 
would  speak 


J'aurais  parle     J'eusse  parle 

I  should  or  would  have  spoken 
Tu      aurais     Tu  eusses 

parle  parle 

thou  shouldst  or  wouldst  have 
spoken 

II  aurait  parle     II  eut  parle 

he  should  or  would  have  spoken 
On  aurait  parle  On  eut  parle 
one    should    or    would    have 

spoken 
Nous  aurions      Nous  eussions 

parle  parle 

we     should     or     would     have 

spoken 
Vous  auriez         Vous  eussiez 

parle  parle 

you    should    or    would     have 

spoken 
lis  auraient         lis  eussent 

parle  parle 

they    should    or    would    have 

spoken 


THE    VERB 


27 


Imperative 

Parle       speak  (thou) 
Parlez     speak  (you) 
Parlons  let  us  or  me  speak 


Subjunctive 


SIMPLE   TENSES 

Present 

Que  je  parle  that    I    may 

speak 
Que  tu  paries         that   thou 

mayest 

speak 
Qu'il  parle  that  he  may 

speak 
Qu'on  parle  that  one 

may  speak 
Que  nous  parlions  that  we  may 

speak 
Que  vous  parliez  that  you 

may  speak 
Qu'il  s  par  lent         that  they 

may  speak 

Imperfect 

Que  je  parlasse  that    I    might 
speak 


Que  tu  par- 
lasses 


Qu'il  parlat 
Qu'on  parlat 


that  thou 
mightest 
speak 

that  he  might 
speak 

that  one  might 
speak 


COMPOUND    TENSES 

Past 

Que  j'aie  parle  that  I  may  have 

spoken 
Que  tu  aies       that  thou 
parle  mayest  have 

spoken 
Qu'il  ait  parle  that     he     may 
have  spoken 
Qu'on  ait  parle  that    one    may 
have    spoken 
that     we     may 
have  spoken 
that    you    may 
have  spoken 
that  they  may 
have  spoken 


Que  nous 

ayons  parle 
Que  vous 

ayez  parle 
Qu'ils  aient 

parle 


Pluperfect 

Que  j'eusse  parle  that  I  might 
have 


spoken 
that  thou 
mightest 
have 
spoken 
that  he 
might  have 
spoken 
Qu'on  eut  parle    that  one 

might  have 
spoken 


Que  tu  eusses 
parle 


Qu'il  eut  parle 


28 


WAR    FRENCH 


SIMPLE   TENSES 

Imperfect 


Que  nous 
parlassions 

Que  vous 
parlassiez 

Qu'ils  par- 
lassent 


that  we  might 
speak 

that  you  might 
speak 

that  they 
might  speak 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

Pluperfect 

Que    nous    eus-  that  we 
sions  parle         might  have 
spoken 
Que    vous    eus-  that  you 
siez  parle  might  have 

spoken 
Qu'ils  eussent       that  they 
parle  might  have 

spoken 


The  verb  parler  used  intransitively  means  to  speak,  talk. 


Je  parlais  a  mon  lieutenant. 
Nous  parlions  de  mon  capitaine. 


/  was  speaking  to  my  lieutenant. 
We  were  talking  of  my  captain. 


Before  an  infinitive,  parler  requires  de. 

lis  parlent  de  quitter  le  quartier.     They  are  talking  of  leaving  the 
barracks. 

Note.  —  If  the  meaning  is  in  order  to,  or  for  the  purpose  of, 
pour  is  used  before  the  infinitive. 


II  parle  beaucoup  pour  gagner  du  temps. 
great  deal  to  (in  order  to)  gain  time. 


He  is  talking  a 


TABLE    OF    ORTHOGRAPHIC    CHANGES 

In  French  a  number  of  verbs,  in  certain  tenses,  require  a 
change  of  spelling  either  to  maintain  the  same  sound  through- 
out for  the  stem  vowel  (which  is  the  vowel  in  the  last  syllable 
of  the  stem),  or  to  avoid  a  non-euphonious  combination  or  the 
possibility  of  an  incorrect  pronunciation. 

Such  verbs  are  not  irregular,  but  are  classified  as  verbs  having 
orthographical  peculiarities. 

The  following  table  indicates  these  changes. 


THE   VERB 


29 


Verbs    in   which    changes    are 
made 

1.  Verbs  in  -cer  require  cedilla 

under  the  c,  before  a  or  o. 

2.  Verbs  in  -ger  require  e  in- 

serted after  g,  before  a 
or  o. 

3.  Verbs  in   -oyer  change   y  - 

to  i  before  e  mute. 

4.  Verbs  in  -uyer  change  y 

to  i  before  e  mute. 

5.  Verbs  with  e  mute  as  stem 

vowel,  like  mener,  lever, 
etc.  (except  verbs  in 
-eler  and  -eter),  take  the 
grave  accent  over  the 
stem  vowel  before  e 
mute. 

6.  Most  verbs  in  -eler  double 

the  1  before  e  mute. 

7.  Most  verbs  in  -eter  double 

the  t  before  e  mute. 

8.  Verbs  with  stem  vowel  e 

acute  followed  by  con- 
sonant, like  reverer, 
change  acute  accent  to 
grave  before  e,  es,  ent, 
except  in  the  fut.  and 
the  cond. 

9.  Verbs  in  -ayer  preferably 

retain  the  y  throughout ; 
but  may  change  y  into  i 

in  

(Poets  change  the  ye  to 
i  in  fut.  and  pres.  cond.). 
10.  Verbs  in  -eyer  are  like 
those  in  -ayer  (except 
grasseyer,  always  un- 
changed). 


Tenses  in  which  changes  occur 

Pres.  part. 

1st  pers.  pi.,  pres.  ind. 

All   pers.    sing.,    3d   pi.,   impf. 

ind. 
Past    def.   throughout,   except 

3d  pi. 
1st  pers.  pi.,  imper. 
Impf.  subj.  throughout. 


All   pers.    sing.,   3d   pers.   pi., 

pres.  indie. 
Fut.  throughout. 
Pres.  cond.  throughout. 
2d  and  3d  pers.  sing.,  3d  pers. 

pi.  of  imper. 
All    pers.    sing.,    3d    pi.    pers. 

subj. 


All  pers.  sing.,  3d  pi.,  pres.  md. 
2d  and  3d  sing.,  3d  pi.,  imper. 
All  sing.,  3d  pi.,  pres.  subj. 


(Optional  change) 
3d  sing,  and  3d  pi.,  pres.  ind. 
Fut.  throughout. 
Pres.  cond.  throughout. 


30 


WAR    FRENCH 


11.  The  verb  arguer  takes  two 

dots  over  e  or  i  whenever 
one  of  them  follows  the  u 
in  conjugation. 

12.  The  verbs  jouer  and  tuer 

are  written  by  some 
grammarians  with  a 
diaeresis  over  the  i  in  the 
terminations  of    


All  sing.,  3d  pi.,  pres.  ind. 

1st  and  2d  pi.,  impf.  ind. 

Fut.  throughout. 

Pres.  eond.  throughout. 

2d  and  3d  sing.,  3d  pi.,  imper. 

Pres.  subj.  throughout. 

1st  and  2d  pi.,  impf.  ind. 
1st  and  2d  pi.,  pres.  subj. 


SECOND    CONJUGATION    ENDING    IN    IR 
FINIR  =  TO    FINISH 


Present   Infinitive 
finir  to  finish 


Past  Infinitive 
avoir  fini  to  have  finished 


Present   Participle  Compound  of  Present   Participle 

finissant  finishing  ayant  fini  having  finished 

Past   Participle 
fini  (to.  s.),  finie  (/.  s).,  finis  (to.  pi.),  finies  (/.  pi.),  finished 


SIMPLE   TENSES 


Indicative 

Conditional 

Present 

Present 

Je  finis 

I  finish  or  I  am 

Je  finirais 

I       should       or 

.finishing 

would  finish 

Tu  finis 

thou  finishest  or 

Tu  finirais 

thou  shouldst  or 

thou   art   fin- 

wouldst finish 

ishing 

11  finit 

he  finishes  or  lie 

11  finirait 

he      should      or 

is  finishing 

would  finish 

Nous  finissons  we   finish  or  we 

Nous  finirions  we     should     or 

are  finishing 

would  finish 

THE    VERB 


31 


Indicative 
Present 

Vous  finissez  you  finish  or  you 
are  finishing 

lis  finissent  they  finish  or 
they  are  fin- 
ishing 


Conditional 
Present 


Vous  finiriez 
lis  finiraient 


you  should  or 
would  finish 

they  should  or 
would  finish 


Je  finissais 
Tu  finissais 

II  finissait 

Nous  finis- 

sions 
Vous  finis- 

siez 

lis  finis- 
saient 


Imperfect 

I  was  finishing  or  I 

used  to  finish 
thou  wast  finishing 

or  thou  usedst  to 

finish 
he  was  finishing  or 

he  used  to  finish 
we  were  finishing  or 

we  used  to  finish 
you  were  finishing 

or   you   used    to 

finish 
they  were  finishing 

or  they  used  to 

finish 


Imperative 

Finis  finish  (thou) 

Finissez     finish  (you) 
Finissons  let  us  finish,  let  me 
finish 


Past   Definite 
Je  finis  I  finished 

Tu  finis  thou  finishedst 

II  finit  he  finished 

Nous  finimes  we  finished 

Vous  finites    you  finished 

lis  finirent      they  finished 


Subjunctive 
Present 

Que  je  finisse    that     I     may 
finish 

Que  tu  finisses  that  thou 

mayest  finish 
may 

may 

may 


Qu'il  finisse 

Que  nous  finis- 

sions 
Que  vous  finis- 

siez 


that    he 
finish 

that    we 
finish 

that  you 
finish 


Qu'ils  finissent  that  they  may 
finish 


32  WAR    FRENCH 

Indicative 
Future 

Je  finirai         I    shall    or    will 

finish 
Tu  finiras        thou      shalt      or 

wilt  finish 
II  finira  he   shall    or   will 

finish 
Nous  finirons  we   shall   or  will 

finish 
Vous  finirez    you  shall  or  will 

finish 
lis  finiront      they  shall  or  will 

finish 

compound  tenses 
Indicative  Conditional 

Past  Indefinite  Past 

J'ai  fini,  J'aurais  fini, 

etc.  etc. 

Subjunctive 
Pluperfect  Past 

J'avais  fini,  Que  j'aie  fini, 

etc.  etc. 

Future  Anterior 
J'aurai  fini, 
etc. 

Note.  —  The  regular  verbs  of  this  conjugation  follow  the 
model  above :  there  are  others  that  omit,  so  to  say,  the  -iss-, 
thus,  mentir  forms  je  mentais  and  not  mentissais. 

THIRD    CONJUGATION    ENDING   IN    OIR 

RECEVOIR  =  TO    RECEIVE 

Present  Infinitive  Past  Infinitive 

recevoir         to  receive        avoir  reju  to  have  received 


THE    VERB 


33 


Present  Participle 
recevant         receiving 


Compound  of  Present  Participle 
ayant  recu  having  received 


Past  Participle 
resu  (m.  s.),  recue  (/.  s.),  regus  (m.  pi.),  regues  (J.  pi.)  received 


SIMPLE   TENSES 


Indicative 

Present 

Je  rejois  I   receive   or   I 

am  receiving 


Tu  recois 
II  recoit 


thou  receivest 
or  thou  are 
receiving 

he  receives  or 
he  is  receiv- 
ing 


Nous  recevons  we  receive  or 
we  are  re- 
ceiving 

you  receive  or 
you  are  re- 
ceiving 

they  receive  or 
they  are  re- 
ceiving 


Vous  recevez 


lis  recoivent 


Imperfect 

Je  recevais  I  was  receiving  or 
I  used  to  receive 

Tu  recevais  thou  wast  receiv- 
ing or  thou 
usedst  to  receive 


Conditional 
Present 

Je  recevrais  I     should     or 

would  re- 
ceive 


Tu  recevrais  thou  shouldst 
or  wouldst 
receive 

II  recevrait  he   should   or 

would  re- 
ceive 

Nous  recevrions  we  should  or 
would     re- 


Vous  recevriez 


lis  recevraient 


ceive 
you  should  or 

would 

receive 
they     should 

or       would 

receive 


34 


WAR   FRENCH 


Indicative 

Imperfect 

II  recevait     he    was    receiving 

or    he    used    to 

receive 

Nous    rece-  we  were  receiving 


vions 

Vous    rece- 
viez 

lis  rece- 
vaient 


or  we  used  to 
receive 

you  were  receiving 
or  you  used  to 
receive 

thejr  were  receiv- 
ing or  they  used 
to  receive 


Past   Definite 
Je  recus  I  received 

Tu  recus 
II  recut 
Nous  recumes 
Vous  reciites 
lis  recurent 


thou  receivedst 
he  received 
we  received 
you  received 
they  received 


Fat  are 


will 


Je  recevrai         I  shall  or 

receive 
Tu  recevras        thou    shalt    or 

wilt  receive 
II  recevra  he  shall  or  will 

receive 
Nous  recevrons  we  shall  or  will 

receive 
Vous  recevrez    you     shall     or 

will  receive 
lis  recevront       they    shall    or 

will  receive 


Imperative 

Recois        receive  (thou) 
Recevons  let  us  receive 
Recevez     receive  (you) 


Subjunctive 

Present 
Que  je  recoive    that     I     may 

receive 
Que  tu  recoives  that  thou 

mayest    re- 
ceive 
that    he    may 

receive 
that  we  may 

receive 
that  you  may 
receive 


Qu'il  recoive 

Que  nous 
recevions 

Que  vous 
receviez 


Qu'ils  recoivent  that  they  may 
receive 


COMPOUND    TENSES 


Indicative 

Past   Indefinite 

J'ai  recu, 
etc. 


Conditional 

Past 

J'aurais  recu, 
etc. 


THE    VERB 


35 


Indicative 


Pluperfect 

J'avais  re?u, 

etc. 


Future  Anterior 


J'aurais  refu, 

etc. 


Subjunctive 

Present 
Que  j'aie  regu, 
etc. 

FOURTH    CONJUGATION    ENDING    IN    RE 
RENDRE  =  TO    RENDER,    TO    GIVE    BACK 


Present  Infinitive 
rendre  to  render 

Present   Participle 
rendant  rendering 


Past  Infinitive 
avoir  rendu  to  have  rendered 

Compound  of  Present  Participle 
ayant  rendu         having  rendered 


Past   Participle 

rendu  (m.  s.),  rendue  (/.  s.),  rendus  (m.  pi),  rendues  (/.  pi.), 
rendered 


Indicative 

Present 


Je  rends 


Tu  rends 


II  rend 


simple  tenses 

Conditional 
Present 

I    render    or  Je  rendrais         I      should      or 
I  am  ren-  would  render 

dering  Tu  rendrais.       thou-    shouldst 

thou  render-  or   wouldst 

est  or  thou  render 

art       ren-  II  rendrait  he     should     or 

dering  would  render 

he  renders  or  Nous  rendrions  we    should    or 
he  is  ren-  would  render 

dering  Vous  rendriez    you   should    or 

would  render 


36 


WAR   FRENCH 


Indicative 
Present 


Nous  rendons 
Vous  rendez 
lis  rendent 


we  render  or 
we  are 
rendering 

you  render 
or  you  are 
rendering 

they  render 
or  they  are 
rendering 


Conditional 

Present 

lis  rendraient    they  should  or 
would  render 


Je  rendais 
Tu  rendais 

II  rendait 

Nous  ren- 
dions 

Vous  ren- 
diez 

lis     ren- 

daient 


Imperfect 

I  was  rendering  or 

I  used  to  render 
thou  wast  rendering 

or  thou  usedst  to 

render 
he  was  rendering  or 

he  used  to  render 
we  were  rendering 

or    we    used    to 

render 
you  were  rendering 

or    you    used    to 

render 
they  were  rendering 

or  they  used   to 

render 


Past  Definite 

Je  rendis  I  rendered 

Tu  rendis  thou      render- 

edst 
II  rendit  he  rendered 

Nous  rendimes  we  rendered 
Vous  rendites     you  rendered 
lis  rendirent       they  rendered 


Imperative 

Rends       render  (thou) 
Rendez     render  (you) 
Rendons  let  us  or  me  render 


Subjunctive 


Present 


Que  je  rende 
Que  tu  rendes 
Qu'il  rende 

Que  nous 

rendions 
Que  vous 

rendiez 
Qu'ils  rendent 


may 


that      I 

render 
that  thou  may- 

est  render 
that     he     may 

render 
that    we 

render 
that    you    may 

render 
that  they 

render 


may 


may 


THE    VERB  37 

Indicative 
Future 

Je  rendrai  I  shall  or  will 

render 
Tu  rendras         thou    shalt    or 

wilt  render 
II  rendra  he  shall  or  will 

render 
Nous  rendrons  we  shall  or  will 

render 
Vous  rendrez     you  shall  or  will 

render 
lis  rendront       they    shall    or 

will  render 

compound  tenses 
Indicative  Conditional 

Past  Indefinite  Past 

J'ai  rendu,  J'aurais  rendu, 

etc.  etc. 

Pluperfect  Subjunctive 

J'avais  rendu,  Past 

etc.  Que  j'aie  rendu, 

etc. 
Future  Anterior 

J'aurai  rendu, 
etc. 

ALLER  =  TO   GO 

Present  Infinitive  Past  Infinitive 

Aller  to  go  Etre  alle  to  have  gone 

Present   Participle  Compound   Past    Participle 

Allant         going  Etant  alle         having  gone 

Past   Participle 
Alle  (m.  s.),  alles  (m.  pi.),  allee  (/.  s.),  allees  (/.  pi),  gone 

212913 


38 


WAR   FRENCH 


SIMPLE    TENSES 


Indicative 

Present 

Je  vais  I  go  or  I  am  going 

Tu  vas  thou  goest  or  thou 

art  going 
II  va  he   goes   or   he   is 

going 
Nous  allons  we  go   or  we  are 

going 
Vous  allez     you  go  or  you  are 

going 
lis  vont         they  go  or  they  are 

going 

Imperfect 

J'allais  I  was  going 

Tu  allais         thou  wast  going 
II  allait  he  was  going 

Nous  allions  we  were  going 
Vous  alliez     you  were  going 
lis  allaient     they  were  going 


Past   Definite 

I  went 
thou  wentest 
he  went 


J'allai 

Tu  alias 

II  alia 

Nous  allames  we  went 

Vous  allates     you  went 

lis  allerent       they  went 


Future 


J'irai 

Tu  iras 
II  ira 


I  shall  go 
thou  wilt  go 
he  will  go 
Nous  irons  we  shall  go 
Vous  irez     you  will  go 
lis  iront       they  will  go 


Conditional 


J'irais 
Tu  irais 
II  irait 
Nous  irions 
Vous  iriez 
lis  iraient 


Present 

I  should  go 
thou  wouldst  go 
he  would  go 
we  should  go 
you  would  go 
they  would  go 


Imperative 

Va         go  (thou) 
Allez     go  (you) 
Allons  let  us  (me)  go 


Subjunctive 

Present 

Que  j'aille  that    I    may 

go 
Que  tu  ailles         that    thou 

mayest  go 
Qu'il  aille  that  he  may 

go 
Que  nous  allions  that  we  may 

go 
Que  vous  alliez    that  you  may 

go 
Qu'ils  aillent         that        they 

may  go 


THE   VERB  39 

compound  tenses 

Indicative  Conditional 

Past  Indefinite  Past 

Je  suis  alle,  Je  serais  alle, 

etc.  etc. 

Pluperfect 

J'etais  alle,  Subjunctive 

etc.  n 

Past 

Future  Anterior  Que  je  S0'1S  ang> 

Je  serai  alle,  et°- 

etc. 

Aller  requires  no  preposition  before  the  infinitive :    Je    vais 
dormir,  /  am  going  to  sleep. 


VENIR  =  TO    COME 

Present  Infinitive  Past  Infinitive 

venir  to  come  etre  venu  to  have  come 

Present  Participle  Compound  Past  Participle 

venant         coming  etant  venu         having  come 

Past   Particvplz 
venu  (to.  s.),  venue  (/.  s.),  venus  {m.  pi.),  venues  (/.  pi.),  come 

simple  tenses 

Indicative  Conditional 

Present  Present 

Je  viens  I  come  Je  viendrais  I  should  come 

Tu  viens  thou  comest  Tu  viendrais         thou  wouldst 

II  vient  he  comes  come 


40 


WAR   FRENCH 


Indicative 

Present 

Nous  venons  we  come 
Vous  venez     you  come 
lis  viennent    they  come 


Je  venais 
Tu  venais 

II  venait 


Imperfect 

I  was  coming 
thou  wast  com- 
ing 
he  was  coming 


Nous  venions  we  were  coming 


Vous  veniez 
lis  venaient 


you  were  coming 
they  were  com- 
ing 


Past  Definite 

Je  vins  I  came 

Tu  vins  thou  earnest 

II  vint  he  came 

Nous  vinmes  we  came 
Vous  vintes    you  came 
lis  vinrent       they  came 


Future 


I  shall  come 
thou  wilt  come 
he  will  come 


Je  viendrai 

Tu  viendras 

II  viendra 

Nous  viendrons  we  shall  come 

Vous  viendrez     you  will  come 

lis  viendront       they  will  come 


Conditional 
Present 

II  viendrait  he  would 

come 
Nous  viendrions  we  should 

come 
Vous  viendriez     you  would 

come 
Us  viendraient     they  would 

come 

Imperative 

Viens      come  (thou) 
Venez     come  (you) 
Venons  let  us  come 

Subjunctive 

Present 

Que  je  vienne    that     I     may 

come 
Que  tu  viennes  that  thou  may- 

est  come 
that    he    may 

come 
that    we    may 

come 
that  you  may 

come 


Qu'il  vienne 

Que  nous 

venions 
Que  vous 

veniez 

Qu'ils  viennent  that  they  may 
come 


compound  tenses 
Indicative  Conditional 

Past  Indefinite  Past 

Je  suis  venu,  Je  serais  venu, 


etc. 


etc. 


THE   VERB  41 


Indicative 


Pluperfect  Future  Anterior 

J'etais  yenu,  Je  serai  venu, 

etc.  etc. 


Subjunctive 

Past 

Que  je  sois  venu, 
etc. 

Venir  de  means  "  to  have  just  "  done  a  thing ;  thus: 

Je  viens  d'arriver,  /  have  just  come. 
Je  venais  d'arriver,  /  had  just  come. 

Venir  de  is  used  in  this  way  only  in  the  present  and  in  the 
imperfect  of  the  indicative. 


PRENDRE,  =  TO    TAKE 

The  n  of  verbs  like  prendre  is  doubled  before  the  mute  termi- 
nations, e,  es,  ent. 

Present  Infinitive  Past  Infinitive 

prendre  to  take  avoir  pris  to  have  taken 

Present   Participle  Compound  Past   Participle 

prenant         taking  ayant  pris         having  taken 

Past  Participle 
pris  (to.  s.),  prise  (/.  s.),  pris  (to.  pi.),  prises  (J.  pi.),  taken 


42 


WAR    FRENCH 


SIMPLE    TENSES 


Indicative 

Present 

Je  prends  I  take 

Tu  prends         thou  takest 
II  prend  he  takes 

Nous  prenons  we  take 
Vous  prenez     you  take 
lis  prennent      they  take 


Imperfect 


Je  prenais 
Tu  prenais 


I  was  taking 
thou  wast  tak- 


ing 
II  prenait  he  was  taking 

Nous  prenions  we  were  taking 
Vous  preniez     you  were  taking 
lis  prenaient      they  were  tak- 
ing 

Past   Definite 


Je  pris 
Tu  pris 
II  prit 

Nous  primes 
Vous  prites 
lis  prirent 


I  took 

thou  tookest 
he  took 
we  took 
you  took 
they  took 


Future 

Je  prendrai  I  shall  take 

Tu  prendras         thou  wilt  take 
II  prendra  he  will  take 

Nous  prendrons  we  shall  take 
Vous  prendrez  you  will  take 
lis  prendront       they  will  take 


Conditional 


Present 


I  should  take 
thou  wouldst 

take 
he  would  take 


Je  prendrais 
Tu  prendrais 

II  prendrait 

Nous  prendrions  we         should 

take 
Vous  prendriez     you    would 

take 
lis  prendraient      they      would 

take 


Imperative 

Prends     take  (thou) 
Prenez     take  (you) 
Prenons  let  us  take 


Subjunctive 
Present 
Que  je  prenne 

Que  tu  prennes 


that  I  may 

take 
that   thou 

mayest 

take 
Qu'il  prenne  that  he  n^' 

take 
Que  nous  prenions  that  we 

may  take 
Que  vous  preniez   that       you 

may  take 
Qu'ils  prennent       that      they 

may  take 


THE 

VERB 

COMPOUND    TENSES 

Indicative 

Conditional 

Past  Indefinite 

Past 

J'ai  pris, 
etc. 

J'aurais  pris, 
etc. 

Pluperfect 

J'avais  pris, 
etc. 

Subjunctive 
Past 

Future  Anterior 

J'aurai  pris, 
etc. 

Que  j'aie  pris, 
etc. 

43 


POUVOIR  =  CAN,    TO    BE    ABLE 

Present   Infinitive  Past   Infinitive 

pouvoir  to  be  able  avoir  pu  to  have  been  able 

Present   Participle  Compound   Past   Participle 

pouvant  being  able  ayant  pu  having  been  able 

Past   Participle 
pu  {invariable) ,  been  able 


SIMPLE 

TENSES 

Indicative 

Conditional 

Present 

Pi 

"csent 

Je     puis     or  I  am  able 

je  peux 
Tu  peux             thon  art  able 
11  peut               he  is  able 
Nous  pouvons  we  are  able 
Vous  pouvez     you  are  able 
lis  peuvent        they  are  able 

Je  pourrais 
Tu  pourrais 
11  pourrait 

I     should     be 

able 
thou      wouldst 

be  able 
he    would    be 

able 

44 


WAR   FRENCH 


Indicative 

Imperfect 

Je  pouvais         I  was  able 
Tu  pouvais         thou  wast  able 
II  pouvait  he  was  able 

Nous  pouvions  we  were  able 
Vous  pouviez     you  were  able 
Ds  pouvaient     they  were  able 

Past   Definite 

Je  pus  I  was  able 

Tu  pus  thou  wast  able 

II  put  he  was  able 

Nous  pumes  we  were  able 
Vous  putes     you  were  able 
lis  purent       they  were  able 

Future 

Je  pourrai  I  shall  be  able 

Tu  pourras         thou     wilt     be 

able 
II  pourra  he  will  be  able 

Nous  pourrons  we  shall  be  able 
Vous  pourrez  you  will  be  able 
lis  pourront       they      will    be 

able 


Conditional 
Present 

Nous  pourrions  we    should   be 

able 
Vous  pourriez    you  would   be 

able 
lis  pourraient     they  would  be 

able 

(No  Imperative) 

Subjunctive 

Present 


Que  je  puisse 
Que  tu  puisses 
Qu'il  puisse 

Que  nous  puis- 

sions 
Que  vous  puis- 

siez 
Qu'ilspuissent 


that  I  may  be 

able 
that  thou  may- 

est  be  able 
that  he  may  be 

able 
that  we  may  be 

able 
that   you    may 

be  able 
that  they  may 

be  able 


compound  tenses 
Indicative  Conditional 


Past  Indefinite 

Past 

J'ai  pu, 

J'aurais  pu, 

etc. 

etc. 

Pluperfect 

J'avais  pu, 

Subjunctive 

etc. 

Past 

Future  Anterior 

Que  j'aie  pu, 

J'aurai  pu, 

etc. 

etc. 

THE    VERB 


45 


SAVOIR  =  TO    KNOW 


Present  Infinitive 
savoir  to  know 

Present   Participle 
sachant  knowing 


Past  Infinitive 
avoir  su  to  have  known 

Compound   Past   Participle 
ayant  su         having  known 


Past   Participle 
su  (to.  s.),  sue  (/.  s.),  sus  (to.  pi.),  sues  (/.  pi.),  known 


SIMPLE    TENSES 


Indicative 

Present 

Je  sais  I  know 

Tu  sais  thou  knowest 

II  sait  he  knows 

Nous  savons  we  know 
Vous  savez     you  know 
lis  savent        they  know 


Je  savais 
Tu  savais 


Imperfect 

I  was  knowing 


thou  wast  know- 
ing 

II  savait  he  was  knowing 

Nous  savions  we  were  knowing 
Vous  saviez     you  were  know- 
ing 
lis  savaient     they  were  know- 
ing 

Past   Definite 

Je  sus  I  knew 

Tu  sus  thou  knewest 

II  sut  he  knew 


Conditional 

Present 


Je  saurais 
Tu  saurais 


I  should  know 
thou     wouldst 
know 
II  saurait  he  would  know 

Nous  saurions  we  should  know 
Vous  sauriez     you  would 

know 
lis  sauraient     they  would 
know 


Imperative 

Sache      know  (thou) 
Sachez     know  (you) 
Sachons  let  us  know 


46 


WAR    FRENCH 


Indicative 

Past  Definite 

Nous  sumes  we  knew 
Vous  sutes     you  knew 
lis  surent       they  knew 

Future 

Je  saurai  I  shall  know 

Tu  sauras         thou  wilt  know 
II  saura  he  will  know 

Nous  saurons  we  shall  know 
Vous  saurez  you  will  know 
lis  sauront       they  will  know 


Subjunctive 
Present 

Que  je  sache    that       I      may 

know 
Que  tu  saches  that  thou  may- 

est  know 
Qu'il  sache       that     he     may 

know 
Que  nous  that     we     may 

sachions  know 

Que  vous  that    you    may 

sachiez  know 

Qu'ils  sachent  that  they    may 

know 


COMPOUND    TENSES 


J'ai  su, 
etc. 


Indicative 
Past  Indefinite 


J'avais  su, 

etc. 


Pluperfect 


Future   Anterior 


J'aurai  su, 
etc. 


Conditional 

Past 
J'aurais  su, 
etc. 


Subjunctive 

Past 
Que  j'aie  su, 
etc. 


Savoir  calls  for  no  preposition  before  an  infinitive : 
Je  sais  monter  a  cheval.     /  know  how  to  ride. 

Notice  the  following : 

Savez-vous  nager?     Can  you  swim? 
Je  sais  ma  lecon.     /  know  my  lesson. 


but 


Je  connais  le  capitaine.     /  know  the  captain. 


THE    VERB 


47 


VOIR  =  TO    SEE 


Present  Infinitive 

voir  to  see 

Present  Participle 

voyant  seeing 


Past  Infinitive 
avoir  vu  to  have  seen 

Compound  Past   Participle 
ayant  vu         having  seen 


Past  Participle 
vu  (m.  s.),  vue  (/.  s.),  vus  (m.  pi.),  vues  (/.  pi.),  seen 


SIMPLE    TENSES 


Indicative 

Present 

Je  vois  I  see 

Tu  vois  thou  seest 

II  voit  he  sees 

Nous  voyons  we  see 
Nous  voyez     you  see 
lis  voient         they  see 

Imperfect 

Je  voyais  I  was  seeing 

Tu  voyais         thou  wast  seeing 
II  voyait  he  was  seeing 

Nous  voyions  we  were  seeing 
Vous  voyiez     you  were  seeing 
lis  voyaient     they  were  seeing 

Past  Definite 

Je  vis  I  saw 

Tu  vis  thou  sawest 

II  vit  he  saw 

Nous  vimes  we  saw 
Vous  vites     you  saw 
lis  virent       they  saw 


Conditional, 

Present 

Je  verrais  I  should  see 

Tu  verrais         thou       wouldst 

see 
II  verrait  he  would  see 

Nous  verrions  we  would  see 
Vous  verriez     you  would  see 
lis  verraient     they  would  see 

Imperative 

Vois        see  (thou) 
Voyez     see  (you) 
Voyons  let  us  see 

Subjunctive 

Present 

Que  je  voie  that    I    may 

see 
Que  tu  voies  that    thou 

mayest  see 
that  he  may 
see 


Qu'il  voie 


48 


WAR    FRENCH 


Indicative 
Future 

Je  verrai  I  shall  see 

Tu  verras         thou  wilt  see 
II  verra  he  will  see 

Nous  verrons  we  shall  see 
Vous  verrez  you  will  see 
Us  verront       they  will  see 


Subjunctive 
Present 

Que  nous  voyions  that  we  mav 
see 

Que  vous  voyiez   that  you 
may  see 

Qu'ils  voient  that  they 

may  see 


COMPOUND    TENSES 


Indicative 

Conditional 

Past  Indefinite 

Past 

J'ai  vu, 
etc. 

J'aurais  vu, 
etc. 

.    Pluperfect 

J'avais  vu, 
etc. 

Future  Anterior 

J'aurai  vu, 
etc. 

Subjunctive 

Past 

Que  j'aie  vu, 
etc. 

VOULOIR  =  TO   WILL,   TO   BE   WILLING,   TO  WISH 

Present  Infinitive  Past  Infinitive 

vouloir  to  wish  avoir  voulu  to  have  wished 

Present   Participle         Compound  Past   Participle 
voulant         wishing  ayant  voulu         having  wished 

Past  Participle 
voulu  (m.  s.),  voulue  (/.  s.),  voulus  (m.  pi.),  voulues  (J.  pi),  wished 


THE    VERB 


49 


SIMPLE    TENSES 


Indicative 

Present 

Je  veux  I  wish 

Tu  veux  thou  wishest 

On  veut  one  wishes 

Nous  voulons  we  wish 
Vous  voulez     you  wish 
lis  veulent       they  wish 


Imperfect 


Je  voulais 
Tu  voulais 


I  was  wishing 
thou  wast  wish- 


ing 
II  voulait  he  was  wishing 

Nous  voulions  we  were  wishing 
Vous  vouliez     you  were  wish- 
ing 
lis  voulaient     they  were  wish- 
ing 


Past   Definite 


Je  voulus 
Tu  voulus 
II  voulut 


I  wished 
thou  wishedst 
he  wished 


Nous  voulumes  we  wished 
Vous  voulutes    you  wished 
lis  voulurent      they  wished 


Future 

Je  voudrai  I  shall  wish 

Tu  voudras         thou  wilt  wish 
11  voudra  he  will  wish 

Nous  voudrons  we  shall  wish 
Vous  voudrez  you  will  wish 
lis  voudront        they  will  wish 


Conditional 

Present 


Je  voudrais 
Tu  voudrais 


I  should  wish 
thou     wouldst 
wish 
II  voudrait  he  would  wish 

Nous  voudrions  we  should  wish 
Vous  voudriez    you    would 

wish 
lis  voudraient    they  would 
wish 


Imperative 

Veuille,  veux  wish  (thou) 

Veuillez,  voulez      wish  (you) 
Veuillons,  voulons  let  us  wish 


Subjunctive 
Present 
Que  je  veuille 

Que  tu  veuilles 


that  I  may 

wish 
that    thou 

mayest 

wish 
Qu'il  veuille  that  he  may 

wish 
Que  nous  voulions  that      we 

may  wish 
Que  vous  vouliez   that  you 

may  wish 
Qu'ils  veuillent       that  they 

may  wish 


50 


WAR    FRENCH 


COMPOUND    TENSES 


Indicative 

Past  Indefinite 


J'ai  voulu, 

etc. 


Pluperfect 


J'avais  voulu, 

etc. 


Future  Anterior 


J'aurai  voulu, 

etc. 


Conditional 

Past 


J'aurai  voulu, 
etc. 


Subjunctive 
Past 


Que  j'aie  voulu, 

etc. 


Je  veux  que  vous  le  fassiez,  is  literally  "  I  wish  that  you  do 
it,"  but  in  reality  is  a  peremptory  order.  Avoid  using  je  veux 
que,  etc.,  unless  the  occasion  calls  for  it.  The  imperative 
forms  veux,  voulez,  voulons,  you  will  never  use.  Veuillez  is  a 
formula  of  politeness,  like  our  please;  Veuillez  me  prefer  votre 
livre,  Be  so  good  as  to  lend  me  your  book.  You  could  of  course 
say  pretez-moi  votre  livre,  but  you  will  do  well  to  use  veuillez. 


FAIRE  =  TO    DO,    TO   MAKE 


Present  Infinitive 
faire  to  do 


Past  Infinitive 
avoir  fait  to  have  done 


Present   Participle 
faisant  doing 


Compound   Past   Participle 
ayant  fait         having  done 


Past   Participle 
fait  (m.  s.),  faite  (/.  s.),  faits  (in.  pi.),  faites  (/.  pi.),  done 


THE    VERB 


51 


SIMPLE    TENSES 


Indicative 


Je  fais 

Tu  fais 

II  fait 

Nous  faisons  we  do 


I  do 

thou  doest 
he  does 


Vous  faites 
lis  font 


you  do 
they  do 


Conditional 

Present 

Je  ferais         I  should  do 
Tu  ferais         thou  wouldst  do 
II  ferait  he  would  do 

Nous  ferions  we  should  do 
Vous  feriez     you  would  do 
lis  feraient     they  would  do 


Imperfect 

Je  faisais         I  was  doing 
Tu  faisais         thou  wast  doing 
II  faisait  he  was  doing 

Nous  faisions  we  were  doing 
Vous  faisiez     you  were  doing 
lis  faisaient     they  were  doing 


Imperative 

Fais         do  (thou) 
Faites     do  (you) 
Faisons  let  us  (me)  do 


Past   Definite 

Subjunctive 

Je  fis             I  did 

Present 

Tu  fis            thou  didst 

11  fit              he  did 

Que  je  fasse 

that  I  may 

Nous  fimes  we  did 

do 

Vous  fites     you  did 

Que  tu  fasses 

that    thou 

lis  firent       they  did 

mayest 
do 

Qu'il  fasse 

that  he  may 

Future 

do 

Qu'on  fasse 

that     one 

Je  ferai          I  shall  do 

may  do 

Tu  feras         thou  wilt  do 

Que  nous  fassions  that  we  may 

11  fera             he  will  do 

do 

On  fera          one  will  do 

Que  vous  fassiez 

that  you 

Nous  ferons  we  shall  do 

may  do 

Vous  ferez     you  will  do 

Qu'ils  fassent 

that  they 

lis  feront       they  will  do 

may  do 

52  WAR   FRENCH 

compound  tenses 

Indicative  Conditional 

Past  Indefinite  Past 

J'ai  fait,  J'aurais  fait, 

etc.  etc- 


Pluperfect 


J'avais  fait, 
etc. 


Subjunctive 
Past 


Future  Anterior  Que  j'aie  fait, 

t  ■  etc- 

J  aurais  fait, 

etc. 

SE   LAVER  =  TO   WASH   ONE'S   SELF 

Present  Infinitive  Past  Infinitive 

Se  laver         to  wash  one's  self      S'etre  lave       to  have  washed 

one's  self 

Present  Participle  Compound  Past  Participle 

Se  lavant       washing  one's  self      S'etant  lave     having   washed 

one's  self 

Past  Participle 

Lave  (to.  a.),  lavee  (J.  s.),  laves  (to.  pi),  lavees  (/.  pi.),  washed 

Indicative 

simple  tenses  compound  tenses 

Present  Past  Indefinite 

Je  me  lave    I  wash  myself  Je  me  suis  lave  I  have  washed 

Tu  te  laves  thou  washest  thy-  myself 

self  Tu  t'es  lave         thou  hast 

II  se  lave       he  washes  himself  washed  thy- 

self 


THE    VERB 


53 


SIMPLE    TENSES 

Present 

On  se  lave    one  (people) 

washes    himself 
(themselves) 
Nous    nous  we      wash      our- 

lavons  selves 

Vous     vous  you     wash     your- 

lavez  selves 

lis  se  lavent  they   wash   them- 
selves 


Imperfect 

Je  me  lavais   I    was    washing 

myself 
Tu  te  lavais     thou  wast  wash- 
ing thyself 
II  se  lavait       he  was  washing 

himself 
Nous  nous       we  were  washing 

lavions  ourselves 

Vous  vous  you  were  wash- 
laviez  ing  yourselves 

lis  se  lavaient  they  were  wash- 
ing themselves 

Future 

Je  me  laverai  I  shall  wash  my- 
self 

Tu  te  laveras  thou  wilt  wash 
thyself 

II  se  lav  era  he  will  wash 
himself 

Nous  nous  we  shall  wash 
laverons  ourselves 

Vous  vous  you  will  wash 
laverez  yourselves 

lis  se  laveront  they  will  wash 
themselves 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

Past  Indefinite 

II  s'est  lave  he  has  washed 
himself 

Nous  nous  we  have 

sommes  laves     washed  our- 
selves 

Vous  vous  etes  you  have 
laves  washed 

yourselves 

lis  se  sont  laves  they  have 
washed 
themselves 

Pluperfect 

Je  m'etais  lave     I  had  washed 
myself 

Tu  t'etais  lave      thou  hadst 
washed 
thyself 

II  s'etait  lave         he  had 

washed 
himself 

Nous  nous  etions  we  had 
laves  washed 

ourselves 

Vous  vous  etiez  you  had 
laves  washed 

yourselves 

lis  s'etaient  laves  they  had 
washed 
themselves 

Future  Anterior 

Je  me  serai  lave  I  shall  have 
washed  my- 
self 

Tu  te  seras  lave  thou  wilt  have 
washed  thy- 
self 


54 


WAR    FRENCH 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

Future  Anterior 

II  se  sera  lave     lie    will    have 
washed 
himself 
we  shall  have 
washed  our- 
selves 
Vous  vous  serez  you  will  have 
laves  washed 

yourselves 
lis  se  seront        they  will  have 
laves  washed 

themselves 


Nous  nous 
serons  laves 


Conditional 


Present 


Je  me  laverais 
Tu  te  laverais 
II  se  laverait 

Nous  nous 
laverions 

Vous  vous 
laveriez 

lis    se    lave- 
raient 


I    should    wash 

myself 
thou   wouldst 

wash  thyself 
he  would  wash 

himself 
we  should  wash 

ourselves 
you  would  wash 

yourselves 
they  would 

wash   them- 
selves 


Past 


1st  Form 


2d  Form 


Je    me    serais  Je     me     fusse 
lave  lave 

I  should  have  washed  myself 
Tu     te     serais  Tu    te    fusses 

lave  lave 

thou     wouldst     have     washed 
thyself 

II  se  serait  lave   II  se  fut  lave 
he  would  have  washed  himself 
Nous  nous  se-     Nous  nous  fus- 

rions  laves  sions  laves 

we   should   have   washed   our- 
selves 
Vous  vous  Vous  vous  fus- 

seriez  laves         siez  laves 
you  would  have  washed  your- 
selves 
lis  se  seraient  lis   se   fussent 

laves  laves 

they  would  have  washed  them- 
selves 


THE    VERB 


55 


Lave-toi 

Lavons-nous 

Lavez-vous 


Imperative 

wash  thyself 

let  us  wash  ourselves 

wash  (yourself)  yourselves 


Subjunctive 


Present 


Past 


Que  je  me  lave  that  I  may 
wash  myself 

Que  tu  te  laves  that  thou  may- 
est  wash  thy- 
self 

Qu'il  se  lave  that  he  may 
wash  himself 

Que  nous  nous  that     we     may 
lavions  wash    our- 

selves 

Que  vous  vous  that    you    may 
laviez  wash      your- 

selves 

Qu'il s  se  that  they  may 

lavent  wash  them- 

selves 


Que  je  me  sois 
lave 


Que   tu  te   sois 
lave 


Qu'il  se  soitlave 


Que   nous  nous 
soyons  laves 


Que  vous  vous 
soyez  laves 


Qu'ils  se  soient 
laves 


that     I     may 

have 

washed  my- 
self 
that    thou 

mayest 

have 

washed 

thyself 
that   he   may 

have 

washed 

himself 
that  we  may 

have 

washed 

ourselves 
that  you  may 

have 

washed 

yourselves 
that  they  may 

have 

washed 

themselves 


REFERENCE  LIST   OF  IRREGULAR  VERBS 

Envoyer,  to  send.  J'envoie,  tu  envoies,  il  envoie ;  nous  en- 
voyons,  vous  envoyez,  ils  envoient.  — -  J'envoyais,  etc., 
nous  envoyions,  vous  envoyiez,  ils  envoyaient.  —  J'envoyai. 
—  J'enverrai. —  J'enverrais.  —  Envoie,  envoyons,   envoyez. 


56  WAR   FRENCH 

—  Que  j'enyoie,  que  nous  envoyions,  que  vous  envoyiez, 
qu'ils  envoient.  —  Que  j'envoyasse.  —  Envoyant,  envoye, 
envoyee. 

Acquerir,  to  acquire.  J'acquiers  .  .  .  nous  acquerons,  vous 
acquerez,  lis  acquierent.  — ■  J'acquerais.  —  J'aequis.  — 
J'acquerrai,  j'acquerrais.  —  Aequiers,  acquerons,  acquerez. 

—  Que  j'acquiere  .  .  .  que  nous  acquerions  .  .  .  qu'ils 
acquierent.  —  Que  j'acquisse,  etc. — Aequerant,  acquis 
(acquise). 

Assaillir,  to  assault.  J'assaille  .  .  .  nous  assaillons.  —  J'as- 
saillais.  —  J'assaillis.  —  J'assaillirai,  j'assaillirais.  — 
Assaille,  assaillons,  assaillez.  —  Que  j'assaille.  —  Que 
j'assaillisse.  —  Assaillant,  assailli  (assaillie). 

Bouillir,  to  boil.     Je  bous,  il  bout.  —  Je  bouillais.  —  Je  bouillis. 

—  Je  bouillirai,  je  bouillirais.  —  Bous,  bouillons,  bouillez. 

—  Que  je  bouille.  —  Que  je  bouillisse.  —  Bouillant,  bouilli 
(bouillie). 

Courir,  to  run.  Je  cours,  tu  cours,  il  court ;  nous  courons,  vous 
courez,  ils  courent.  —  Je  courais,  etc.  —  Je  courus.  —  Je 
courrai  .  .  .  nous  courrons ;  je  courrais  .  .  .  nous 
courrions.  —  Cours,  courons,  courez.  — ■  Que  je  coure  .  .  . 
que  nous  courions  .  .  .  qu'ils  courent.  —  Que  je  courusse. 

—  Courant,  couru  (courue). 

Cueillir,  to  gather.  Je  cueille  .  .  .  nous  cueillons,  vous  cueillez, 
ils  cueillent.  —  Je  cueillais.  —  Je  cueillis.  —  Je  cueillerai, 
je  cueillerais.  —  Cueille,  cueillons,  cueillez.  —  Que  je  cueille. 

—  Que  je  cueillisse.  —  Cueillant,  cueilli  (cueillie). 
Dormir,  to  sleep.     Je  dors,  tu  dors,  il  dort ;  nous  dormons,  vous 

dormez,  ils  dorment.  —  Je  dormais.  —  Je  dormis  .  .  . 
nous  dormimes.  —  Je  dormirai,  je  dormirais.  —  Dors, 
dormons,    dormez.  —  Que   je   dorme.  —  Que   je    dormisse. 

—  Dormant,  dormi. 

Fuir,  to  flee.  Je  fuis,  tu  fuis,  il  fuit ;  nous  fuyons,  vous  fuyez, 
ils  fuient.  —  Je  fuyais  .  .  .  nous  fuyions.  —  Je  fuis  .  .  . 
nous  fuimes.  —  Je  fuirai,  je  fuirais.  — -  Fuis,  fuyons,  fuyez. 

—  Que  je  fuie  .  .  .  que  nous  fuyions,  qu'ils  fuient.  —  Que 
je  fuisse.  —  Fuyant,  fui  (fuie). 

Mentir,  to  lie.  Je  mens  .  .  .  nous  mentons.  —  Je  mentais.  — 
Je  mentis.  —  Je  mentirai,  je  mentirais.  —  Mens,  mentons, 
mentez.  —  Que  je  mente.  —  Que  je  mentisse.  —  Mentant, 
menti  (mentie). 

Mourir,  to  die.     Je  meurs,  tu  meurs,  il  meurt ;    nous  mourons, 


THE   VERB  57 

vous  mourez,  ils  meurent.  —  Je  mourais.  —  Je  mourus.  — 
Je  mourrai,  je  mourrais.  —  Meurs,  mourons,  mourez.  —  Que 
je  meure.  —  Que  je  mourusse.  —  Mourant,  mort  (morte). 

Offrir,  to  offer.  J'offre  .  .  .  nous  offrons.  —  J'offrais.  — 
J'offris.  —  J'offrirai,  j'offrirais.  —  Offre,  offrons,  offrez.  — 
Que  j'offre.  —  Que  j'offrisse.  —  Offrant,   offert   (offerte). 

Ouvrir,  to  open.  J'ouvre  .  .  .  nous  ouvrons.  —  J'ouvrais.  — 
J'ouvris.  —  J'ouvrirai ;  j'ouvrirais.  —  Ouvre,  ouvrons, 
ouvrez.  —  Que  j'ouvre.  —  Que  j'ouvrisse.  —  Ouvrant, 
ouvert  (ouverte). 

Partir,  to  leave.  Je  pars  .  .  .  nous  partons.  —  Je  partais.  — 
Je  partis.  —  Je  partirai,  je  partirais.  —  Pars,  partons, 
partez.  —  Que  je  parte.  —  Que  je  partisse.  —  Partant, 
parti  (partie). 

Sentir,  to  feel.  Je  sens  .  .  .  nous  sentons.  —  Je  sentais.  — 
Je  sentis.  —  Je  sentirai,  je  sentirais.  —  Sens,  sentons,  sen- 
tez.  —  Que  je  sente.  —  Que  je  sentisse.  —  Sentant,  senti 
(sentie). 

Servir,  to  serve.  Je  sers  .  .  .  nous  servons.  —  Je  servais.  — 
Je  servis.  —  Je  servirai,  je  servirais.  —  Sers,  servons,  servez 

—  Que  je  serve.  —  Que  je  servisse.  —  Servant,  servi  (servie). 
Sortir,  to  go  out.     Je  sors  .  .  .  nous  sortons.  - —  Je  sortais.  — 

Je  sortis.  —  Je  sortirai,  je  sortirais.  —  Sors,  sortons,  sortez. 

—  Que  je  sorte.  —  Que  je  sortisse.  —  Sortant,  sorti  (sortie). 
Souffrir,  to  suffer.     Je  souffre  .  .   .  nous  souffrons.  —  Je  souf- 

frais.  —  Je  souffris.  —  Je  souffrirai,  je  souffrirais.  —  Souffre, 
souffrons,  souffrez.  —  Que  je  souffre.  —  Que  je  souffrisse. 

—  Souffrant,  souffert  (soufferte). 

Tenir,  to  hold.  Je  tiens,  tu  tiens,  il  tient ;  nous  tenons,  vous 
tenez,  ils  tiennent.  —  Je  tenais.  —  Je  tins,  tu  tins,  il  tint : 
nous  tinmes,  vous  tintes,  ils  tinrent.  —  Je  tiendrai,  je  tien- 
drais.  —  Tiens,  tenons,  tenez.  —  Que  je  tienne.  —  Que  je 
tinse.  —  Tenant,  tenu  (tenue), 

Tressaillir,  to  tremble.  Je  tressaille  .  .  .  nous  tressaillons,  ils 
tressaillent.  —  Je  tressaillais.  —  Je  tressaillis.  —  Je  tres- 
saillirai,  je  tressaillirais.  —  Tressaille,  tressaillons,  tressail- 
lez.  —  Que  je  tressaille.  —  Que  je  tressaillisse.  —  Tres- 
saillant,  tressailli. 

Vetir,  to  clothe.  Je  vets,  tu  vets,  il  vet ;  nous  vetons,  vous 
vetez,  ils  vetent.  —  Je  vetais.  —  Je  vetis.  —  Je  vetirai,  je 
vgtirais.  —  Vets,  vetons,  vetez.  —  Que  je  vete.  —  Que  je 
vetisse.  —  Vetant,  vetu  (vetue). 


58  WAR    FRENCH 

Asseoir,  to  seat.  J'assieds,  tu  assieds,  il  assied  ;  nous  asseyons, 
vous  asseyez,  ils  asseyent.  (Another  form  is :  J'asseois 
.  .  .  nous  assoyons,  vous  assoyez,  ils  assoient.)  —  J'assey- 
ais  or  j'assoyais.  —  J'assis.  —  J'assierai  or  j'asseyerai  or 
j'assoirai ;  j'assierais  or  j'asseyerais  or  j'assoirais.  —  Assieds 
asseyons,  asseyez.  —  Que  j'asseye  .  .  .  que  nous  asseyions, 
qu'ils  asseyent.  —  Que  j'assisse.  —  Asseyant,  assis  (assise). 

Falloir,  to  be  necessary,  "  ought,"  "  must."  Impersonal  verb : 
il  faut ;  il  fallait ;  il  fallut ;  il  faudra,  il  faudrait ;  qu'il 
faille  ;   qu'il  fallut,  fallu. 

Mouvoir,  to  move.  Je  meus,  tu  meus,  il  meut ;  nous  mouvons, 
vous  mouvez,  ils  meuvent.  ■ —  Je  mouvais.  —  Je  mus.  — 
Je  mouvrai,  je  mouvrais.  —  Meus,  mouvons,  mouvez.  — 
Que  je  meuve.  —  Que  je  musse.  —  Mouvant,  mu  (mue). 

Pleuvoir,  to  rain.  Impersonal  verb :  il  pleut ;  il  pleuvait ;  il 
plut ;  il  pleuvra,  il  pleuvrait ;  qu'il  pleuve ;  qu'il  plut ; 
pleuvant,  plu. 

Valoir,  to  be  worth.  Je  vaux,  tu  vaus,  il  vaut ;  nous  valons, 
vous  valez,  ils  valent.  —  Je  valais.  —  Je  valus.  —  Je 
vaudrai,  je  vaudrais.  —  Vaux,  valons,  valez.  —  Que  je 
vaille.  —  Que  je  valusse.  —  Valant,  valu  (value). 

Absoudre,  to  absolve.  J'absous,  tu  absous,  il  absout ;  nous 
absolvons,  vous  absolvez,  ils  absolvent.  —  J'absolvais.  — 
J'absoudrai,    j'absoudrais.  —  Absous,    absolvons,    absolvez. 

—  Que    j'absolve. —  Absolvant. — Absous    (fern,  absoute). 
(This  verb  has  no  past  definite  or  imperfect  subjunctive.) 

Boire,  to  drink.     Je  bois,  tu  bois,  il  boit ;    nous  buvons,  vous 
buvez,    ils   boivent.  —  Je    buvais.  —  Je    bus.  — -  Je    boiraiv 
je    boirais.  — -  Bois,    buvons,    buvez.  —  Que   je   boive  ... 
que  nous  buvions,  que  vous  buviez,  qu'ils  boivent.  —  Que 
je  busse. — Buvant,  bu  (bue). 

Conclure,  to  conclude.  Je  conclus,  tu  conclus,  il  conclut ;  nous 
concluons,    vous   concluez,    ils    concluent.  —  Je    concluais. 

—  Je  conclus  .  .  .  nous  conclumes.  —  Je  conclurai,  je  con- 
clurais.  —  Conclus,  concluons,  concluez.  —  Que  je  conclue. 

—  Que  je  conclusse.  —  Concluant,  conclu  (conclue). 

"  Indus  "  gives  "  incluse  "  in  the  feminine  ;  but  "  exclus  " 
gives  "  exclue." 
Conduire,  to  lead.  Je  conduis  .  .  .  nous  conduisons  ...  ils  con- 
duisent.  —  Je  conduisais.  —  Je  conduisis.  —  Je  conduirai,  je 
conduirais.  —  Conduis,  conduisons,  conduisez.  —  Que  je  con- 
duise.— Que  je  conduisisse. — Conduisant,  conduit  (conduite). 


THE   VERB  59 

Connaitre,  to  know.  Je  eonnais,  tu  connais,  il  connait ;  nous  con- 
naissons,  vous  connaissez,  ils  connaissent.  —  Je  connaissais.  — 
Je  connus  .  .  .  nous  connumes.  —  Je  connaltrai,  je  connal- 
trais.  —  Connais,  connaissons,  connaissez.  —  Que  je  con- 
naisse.  —  Que  je  eonnusse.  —  Connaissant,  connu  (connue). 

Coudre,  to  sew.  Je  eouds,  tu  couds,  il  coud ;  nous  eousons, 
vous  cousez,  ils  cousent.  —  Je  cousais.  —  Je  cousis.  —  Je 
coudrai,  je  coudrais.  —  Couds,  eousons,  cousez.  —  Que  je 
eouse.  —  Que  je  cousisse.  —  Cousant,  cousu  (cousue). 

Craindre,  to  fear.  Je  crains,  tu  crains,  il  craint ;  nous  craignons, 
vous  craignez,  ils  craignent.  —  Je  craignais.  —  Je  craignis. 

—  Je  craindrai,  je  craindrais.  —  Crains,  craignons,  craignez, 

—  Que     je     craigne.  —  Que     je     craignisse.  —  Craignant, 
craint  (crainte). 

Croire,  to  believe.  Je  crois,  tu  crois,  il  croit ;  nous  croyons, 
vous  croyez,  ils  croient.  —  Je  croyais.  —  Je  crus  .  .  .  nous 
crumes.  —  Je  croirai,  je  croirais.  ■ —  Crois,  croyons,  croyez. 

—  Que  je  croie.  —  Que  je  crusse.  —  Croyant,  cru  (crue). 
Croitre,  to  increase.     Je  crois,  tu  crois,  il  croit ;    nous  croissons, 

vous  croissez,  ils  croissent.  —  Je  croissais.  —  Je  crus  .   .  . 

nous  crumes.  —  Je  croitrai,  je  croitrais.  —  Crois,  croissons, 

croissez.  —  Que  je  croisse.  —  Que  je  crusse.  —  Croissant,  cru 

(crue). 
Dire,  to  say.     Je  dis,  tu  dis,  il  dit ;    nous  disons,  vous  dites,  ils 

disent.  —  Je  disais.  —  Je  dis  .  .  .  nous  dimes.  —  Je  dirai, 

je    dirais.  —  Dis,    disons,    dites.  —  Que   je    dise.  —  Que   je 

disse.  —  Disent,  dit  (dite). 
Ecrire,  to  write.     J'eeris  .   .  .  nous  ecrivons,  vous  eerivez,  ils 

ecrivent.  —  J'ecrivais.  —  J'ecrivis.  —  J'ecrirai,        j'ecrirais. 

—  Eeris,  ^ecrivons,  eerivez.  —  Que  j'ecrive.  —  Que  j'ecri- 
visse.  —  Ecrivant,  ecrit  (ecrite). 

Joindre,  to  join.  Je  joins,  tu  joins,  il  joint ;  nous  joignons,  vous 
joignez,  ils  joignent.  —  Je  joignais.  —  Je  joignis.  —  Je 
joindrai,  je  joindrais.  —  Joins,  joignons,  joignez.  —  Que  je 
joigne.  —  Que  je  joignisse.  —  Joignant,  joint   (jointe). 

Lire,  to  read.  Je  lis,  tu  lis,  il  lit ;  nous  lisons,  vous  lisez,  ils 
lisent.  —  Je  lisais. — Je  lus. — Je  lirai,  je  lirais.  —  Lis,  lisons, 
lisez.  —  Que  je  lise.  —  Que  je  lusse.  —  Lisant,  lu  (lue). 

Mettre,    to   put.     Je   mets  .  .  .  nous   mettons.  —  Je    mettais. 

—  Je  mis.  —  Je  mettrai,  je  mettrais.  —  Mets,  mettons, 
mettez.  —  Que  je  mette.  —  Que  je  misse.  —  Mettant,  mis 
(mise). 


60  WAR   FRENCH 

Moudre,  to  mold.  Je  mouds,  tu  mouds,  il  moud  ;  nous  moulons, 
vous  moulez,  ils  moulent.  —  Je  moulais.  —  Je  moulus.  — ■ 
Je  moudrai,  je  moudrais.  —  Mouds,  moulons,  moulez.  — 
Que  je  moule.  —  Que  je  moulusse.  —  Moulant,  moulu 
(moulue). 

Naitre,  to  be  born.  Je  nais,  tu  nais,  il  nait ;  nous  naissons, 
vous  naissez,  ils  naissent.  —  Je  naissais.  —  Je  naquis.  — 
Je  naitrai,  je  naitrais.  —  Que  je  naisse.  —  Que  je  naquisse. 

—  Naissant,  ne  (nee). 

Nuire,  to  be  hurtful.  Je  nuis,  tu  nuis,  il  nuit ;  nous  nuisons, 
vous  nuisez,  ils  nuisent. — Je  nuisais. — Je  nuisis. — Je 
nuirai,  je  nuirais.  — -  Nuis,  nuisons,  nuisez.  - —  Que  je  nuise. 

—  Que  je  nuisisse.  —  Nuisant,  nui. 

Paraitre,  to  appear.  Je  parais,  tu  parais,  il  parait ;  nous 
paraissons,  vous  paraissez,  ils  paraissent.  —  Je  paraissais. 

—  Je  parus.  —  Je  paraitrai,  je  paraitrais.  —  Parais,  parais- 
sons, paraissez.  —  Que  je  paraisse.  —  Que  je  parusse.  — 
Paraissant,  paru  (parue). 

Peindre,  to  paint.     Je  peins,  tu  peins,  il  peint ;   nous  peignons, 
.   vous    peignez,    ils    peignent.  —  Je    peignais.  —  Je    peignis. 

—  Je  peindrai,  je  peindrais.  —  Peins,  peignons,  peignez.  — - 
Que  je  peigne.  —  Que  je  peignisse.  —  Peignant,  peint 
(peinte). 

Plaindre,  to  pity.     Je  plains,  tu  plains,  il  plaint ;  nous  plaignons, 

vous  plaignez,  ils  plaignent.  —  Je  plaignais.  —  Je  plaignis. 

—  Je  plaindrai,  je  plaindrais.  —  Plains,  plaignons.  plaignez. 

—  Que  je  plaigne.  —  Que  je  plaignisse.  —  Plaignant,  plaint 
(plainte). 

Plaire,  to  please.  Je  plais,  tu  plais,  il  plait ;  nous  plaisons,  vous 
plaisez,  ils  plaisent.  —  Je  plaisais.  —  Je  plus.  —  Je  plairai, 
je  plairais.  —  Plais,  plaisons,  plaisez.  —  Que  je  plaise.  — 
Que  je  plusse. —  Plaisant,  plu  (plue). 

Resoudre,  to  resolve.  Je  resous,  tu  resous,  il  resout ;  nous 
resolvons,  vous  resolvez,  ils  resolvent.  —  Je  resolvais.  —  Je 
resolus.  —  Je  resoudrai,  je  resoudrais.  —  Resous,  resolvons, 
resolvez.  —  Que  je  resolve.  —  Que  je  resolusse.  —  Resolvant 
resolu  or  resous  (resolue  or  resoute). 

Rire,  to  laugh.  Je  ris,  tu  ris,  il  rit ;  nous  rions,  vous  riez,  ils 
rient.  —  Je  riais  .  .  .  nous  riions.  —  Je  ris  .  .  .  nous  rimes. 

—  Je  rirai,  je  rirais.  —  Ris,  rions,  riez.  —  Que  je  rie  .  .  . 
que  nous  riions.  — ■  Riant,  ri. 

Suivre,  to  follow.     Je  suis,  tu  suis,  il  suit ;    nous  suivons,  vous 


THE   VERB  61 

suivez,  ils  suivent.  —  Je  suivais. —  Je  suivis. — Je  suivrai, 

je  suivrais.  —  Suis,  suivons,  suiyez.  —  Que  je  suive.  —  Que 

je  suivisse.  —  Suivant,  suivi  (suivie). 
Taire,  to  be  silent.     Je  tais,  tu  tais,  il  tait ;    nous  taisons,  yous 

taisez,   ils   taisent.  —  Je   taisais.  —  Je  tus.  —  Je   tairai,   je 

tairais.  —  Tais,    taisons,    taisez.  —  Que  je   taise.  —  Que  je 

tusse.  — ■  Taisant,  tu  (tue). 
Vaincre,    to    conquer.     Je   vaincs,    tu   vaincs,    il    vainc ;     nous 

vainquons,  vous  vainquez,  ils  vainquent.  —  Je  vainquais. 

—  Je  vainquis.  —  Je  vaincrai,  je  vainerais.  —  Vaincs, 
vainquons,  vainquez.  —  Que  je  vainque.  —  Que  je  vain- 
quisse.  —  Vainquant,  vaincu  (vaincue). 

Vivre,  to  live.     Je  vis,  tu  vis,  il  vit ;   nous  vivons,  yous  viyez,  ils 
vivent.  —  Je   vivais.  —  Je   vecus.  —  Je   vivrai,    je   vivrais. 

—  Vis,  vivons,  vivez.  —  Que  je  vive.  —  Que  je  vecusse.  — 
Vivant,  vecu  (vecue). 


CHAPTER   IX 
SOME   REMARKS  ON   THE   VERB 

(1)  The  word  for  tense  in  French  is  the  same  as  the  word  for 
time  (temps) ;  in  considering  verb  forms,  it  is  well  to  recollect 
that  these  differ  as  the  time  is  past,  present,  or  future. 

We  say  in  English,  "He  speaks"  or  "He  is  speaking"  and 
interrogatively,  "Does  he  speak?";  negatively,  "He  does  not 
speak."  All  of  these  are  represented  in  French  by  one  form, 
the  present  indicative. 

II  parle.  He  speaks,  he  is  speaking,  he  does  speak. 

Parle-t-il  ?  x  Does  he  speak  ? 

II  ne  parle  pas.     He  does  not  speak. 

1  Notice  the  -t-  in  this  sentence.  In  asking  questions  in  French,  the 
usual  form,  when  a  personal  pronoun  is  the  subject,  is  to  put  the  verb 
before  the  subject.  But  this,  as  in  the  case  in  hand,  sometimes  brings 
two  vowels  together,  a  combination  objectionable  to  the  French.  They 
get  around  the  difficulty  by  inserting  a  t,  which  has  now  nothing  to  do 
with  the  verb,  and  exists  only  to  ease  pronunciation. 


62  WAR    FRENCH 

(2)  The  usual  form  in  French  corresponding  to  English  past 
tense  is  the  past  indefinite,  a  compound  tense. formed  by  the 
past  participle  and  an  auxiliary  (avoir  for  all  transitive  and  most 
intransitive  verbs,  etre  with  all  reflexive  verbs  and  for  a  few- 
verbs  like  aller,  arriver,  entrer,  mourir,  partir,  rester,  sortir, 
tomber,  venir). 

Je  l'ai  yu.  I  saw  him,  or,  I  have  seen  him. 

Je  lui  ai  parle.  I    spoke    to    him,    or,    I    have 

spoken  to  him. 
Je  le  lui  ai  dit.  I  told  him  so,  or,  I  have  told 

him  so. 
Je  l'ai  frappe.  I  struck  him,  or,  I  have  struck 

him. 
J'ai  dormi  sept  heures.  I  slept  seven  hours,  or,  I  have 

slept  seven  hours. 
Ou  avez-vous  ete  ?  Where  have  you  been  ? 

A  quelle  heure  etes-vous  venu?     At  what  time  did  you  come? 
J'y  suis  alle.  I  went  there. 

II  est  mort.  He  died,  or,  he  is  dead. 

II  est  entre  dans  sa  guitoune.        He  went  into  his  dugout. 
II  est  parti.  He  went  away,  or,  he  is  gone. 

(3)  To  express  future  time,  the  future : 

Quand  vous  reverrai-je?  When  shall  I  see  you? 

Quand  j'y  arriverai,     je     vous     When    I    get    there,     I    shall 
ecrirai.  write  you. 

(4)  The  imperfect  is  used : 

(a)  For  the  English  progressive  past : 

Je  travaillais,  lorsqu'il  est  entre.     I  was  working  when  he  came 

in. 

(b)  To  express  habitual  action  in  the  past. 

Quand  j'etais  a  Paris,  je  faisais  de  longues  promenades.  When 
I  was  in  Paris,  I  used  to  take  long  walks. 

(c)  To  express  a  state  of  mind  : 

Je  ne  voulais  pas  le  voir.  I  did  not  wish  to  see  him. 


SOME    REMARKS   ON    THE   VERB  63 

Je  me  demandais  ou  vous  etiez.    I  was  wondering     where     you 

were. 
J'esperais  lui  parler.  I  hoped  to  speak  to  him. 

Je  savais  que  vous  viendriez.         I  knew  that  you  would  come. 
Savait-il  sa  lecon?  Did  he  know  his  lesson? 

Je  ne  le  savais  pas.  I  did  not  know  that. 

(5)  "Had"  may  usually  be  translated  by  the  imperfect  of 
avoir : 

J'avais  de  l'argent.  I  had  some  money. 

This  applies  also  to  compound  tenses  : 

Je  ne  l'avais  pas  vu.  I  had  not  seen  him. 

Now,  take  the  sentence,  "He  had  not  left  when  I  got  there." 
We  may  reason  as  follows  :  "  Had  "  is  avais,  but  partir  (to  leave) 
is  conjugated  with  etre.  Hence,  we  must  use  the  tense  of  etre 
that  corresponds  to  avais,  i.e.,  etais :  11  n'etait  pas  parti,  lorsque 
je  suis  arrive,  he  had  not  gone  when  I  arrived. 

(6)  "  Was  "  is  usually  translated  by  the  imperfect  of  etre  : 
J'etais  la,  tout  le  temps.  I  was  there  all  the  time. 

(7)  The  conditional,  as  its  name  implies,  is  used  when  a  condi- 
tion is  expressed  or  understood. 

J'y  irais  si  vous  m'accompagniez,  I  would  go  there  if  you 
would  accompany  me.  (Notice  that  when  the  conditional  is 
used  in  the  main  clause,  the  imperfect  is  used  after  si.)  If  the 
future  is  used  in  the  main  clause,  then  the  present  is  used  after 
si  in  the  conditional  clause,  e.g.,  Je  tomberai,  si  je  ne  fais  pas 
attention,  I  shall  fall  if  I  am  not  careful. 

Sometimes,  the  condition  is  understood  : 

Oseriez-vous  y  aller ?  Would  you  dare  to  go  there?  (I.e.,  if  per- 
mission had  been  refused ;  or  any  other  condition  that  suits.) 

(8)  A  great  many  verbs  in  ordinary  use  are  reflexive,  that  is, 
they  have  an  object  of  the  same  person,  indicating  that  the 
action  is  performed  by  the  subject  on  himself. 


64  WAR    FRENCH 

Je  me  suis  leve  a  cinq  heures.         I  got  up  at  five  o'clock  (literally, 

I  raised  myself). 
Je  me  suis  reveille  en  sursaut.       I  woke  up  with  a  start. 

The  verbs  of  the  foregoing  examples  are  not  invariably  re- 
flexive : 

II  a  leve  le  bras.  He  raised  his  arm. 

II  a  reveille  son  eopain.  He  awakened  his  chum. 

But  many  French  verbs  exist  renexively  only : 

La  maison  s'est  ecroulee.  The  house  fell  down. 

La  jument  s'est  cabree.  The  mare  reared. 

Elle  s'est  evanouie.  She  fainted. 

Les  ennemis  se  sont  enfuis.  The  enemy  fled. 

(9)  The  use  of  verbs  requiring  de  and  a  seems  to  give  begin- 
ners some  trouble.  When  a  noun  follows,  there  is  no  particular 
difficulty. 

Je  me  souviens  de  ce  combat.        I  remember  that  action. 
Je   m'interesse   a   ces   mitrail-     I  am  interested  in  those  ma- 
leuses.  chine  guns. 

When  the  English  sentence  is  "I  remember  it,"  or.  "I  am 
interested  in  it,"  the  student  may  be  at  a  loss  to  know  what 
pronoun  to  use.  He  knows  it  is  not  le  because  the  verb  is  not 
transitive.  The  answer  is  en  for  verbs  followed  by  de  and  y  for 
verbs  by  a  : 

Je  m'en  souviens  (se  souvenir  de). 
Je  m'y  interesse  (s'interesser  a). 

A  most  important  rule  to  recollect  is  that  when  the  direct 
object  of  a  verb  in  a  compound  tense  precedes  the  verb,  the 
participle  of  the  compound  tense  must  agree  with  the  object  in 
gender  and  number,  e.g. : 

J'ai  vu  les  batteries,  but 

Les  batteries  que  j'ai  vues.  (Here  que  has  for  its  antecedent, 
batteries,  a  feminine  plural ;  hence  vues,  and  not  vu,  as  in  the 
first  example.) 

II  ^'est  frappe.     lis  se  sont  frappes. 

Elle  s'est  frappee.     Elles  se  sont  frappees. 


SOME   REMARKS   ON   THE   VERB  65 

(10)  The  passive  voice  is  formed  by  combining  the  past  parti- 
ciple of  the  verb  with  etre ;  thus,  etre  aime,  to  be  loved,  je  suis 
aime,  etc. 

The  Subjunctive 

You  will  not  have  time  to  take  up  the  subjunctive  in  detail, 
but  you  ought  to  know  something  about  it.  The  following  re- 
marks may  be  helpful. 

The  indicative  states  a  fact ;  the  subjunctive  brings  out  or 
connotes,  in  general,  a  relation,  something  that  depends  on 
something  else  either  expressed  or  implied.  Hence  the  subjunc- 
tive always  occurs  in  a  clause  dependent  on  the  principal  clause, 
and  generally  connected  with  it  by  suitable  conjunctions. 

Although  it  may  be  said  that  the  subjunctive  is  the  mode  of 
doubt  or  relation,  it  is  more  convenient  for  you  to  consider  its 
use  as  a  matter  of  formulae.  Certain  verbs  require  it  in  every 
case,  even  when  there  is  no  doubt ;  this  is  true  of  verbs  of  emo- 
tion. Usage  has  also  sanctioned  the  employment  of  the  sub- 
junctive after  penser,  croire,  and  esperer,  negative  or  interroga- 
tive, whereas  it  is  perhaps  not  more  logical  to  use  it  then  than 
after  these  verbs  in  the  affirmative.  The  pupil,  if  he  tries  to 
determine  whether  there  is  sufficient  doubt  to  make  necessary 
the  use  of  the  subjunctive,  will  frequently  go  astray.  It  is  better 
for  him  to  learn  the  expressions  that  require  the  subjunctive. 
A  resume  of  those  in  most  common  use  follows : 

1.  Verbs  expressing  desire;    vouloir,  desirer,  etc. 

Je  desire  que  vous  m'accompagniez. 
Je  veux  qu'il  finisse  son  travail. ' 

2.  Impersonal  verbs  and  verbs  expressing  doubt  or  uncer- 
tainty ;  falloir,  etre  necessaire,  importer,  etre  possible,  etre 
douteux,  douter,  n'etre  pas  certain,  etc. 

II  faut  que  vous  y  alliez  aussitot  que  possible. 

II  est  necessaire  que  vous  lui  expliquiez  ses  devoirs. 

II  importe  que  vous  y  soyez  a  l'heure  convenue. 

II  est  possible  que  nous  passions  Fete  a  la  campagne. 

II  est  douteux  qu'il  reussisse  dans  son  entreprise. 

Je  doute  que  vous  arriviez  a  temps. 

Je  ne  doute  pas  qu'il  ne  soit  bien  recu. 

II  n'est  pas  du  tout  certain  que  cela  lui  plaise. 

F 


66 


WAR    FRENCH 


3.  Verbs  of  emotion :   regretter,  craindre,  etre  bien  aise  (con- 
tent, heureux) ;  etre  desole  (fache),  etc. 

Je  regrette  que  vous  ne  soyez  pas  venu  plus  tot. 
Je  crains  qu'il  ne  soit  en  retard  pour  le  dejeuner. 
Je  suis  bien  aise  que  vous  aimiez  votre  nouvel  emploi. 
*Je  suis  tres  fachee  que  nous  n'ayons  pas  ete  la  pour  vous 
recevoir. 

4.  Esperer,  croire,  penser,  when  negative  or  interrogative. 

Je  n'espere  pas  que  vous  le  fassiez. 
Je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  vienne. 
Pensez-vous  qu'il  pleuve  ce  soir? 


CHAPTER   X 

VOCABULARIES  AND   CONVERSATIONS 
(1)  Everyday  Expressions  and  Phrases 


Good    morning,    sir,    madam, 

miss. 
Good  afternoon. 
Good  evening,  sir. 
Good  night,  sir. 
Pardon  me. 

Don't  mention  it. 
How  do  you  do? 


How  is  your  mother?  She  is 
not  very  well,  but  I  hope  she 
will  soon  recover. 

Very  well,  thank  you. 


Bonjour,  Monsieur,  Madame, 
Mademoiselle. 

Bonsoir,  Monsieur. 
Bonne  nuit,  Monsieur. 
Pardon.      Je     vous    demande 

pardon. 
Je  vous  en  prie. 
Comment  allez-vous? 
Comment  ca  va? 
Comment  vous  portez-vous? 
Comment   va   Madame    votre 

mere?      Elle  est  souffrante, 

mais  j'espere  qu'elle  se  re- 

mettra  bientot. 
Tres  bien,  merci. 
Je  vais  bien,  merci. 
Ca  va  bien,  merci. 
Je  me  porte  bien,  merci. 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


67 


Do  not  trouble  yourself. 
I  am  very  glad  to  see  you. 


What  time  is  it? 

It  is  10  o'clock. 

Take  care  !     Look  out ! 

Do  not  bother  me  ! 

Stop  here ! 

Does  Mr.  — —  live  here  ? 

Come  in. 

You  are  very  kind. 

At   what   time   does   the   first 

train  start  ? 
What    is    the    name    of    this 

station  ? 
I  want. 

I  do  not  want  it. 
Let  me  know  what  I  owe  you. 
Are  you  not  mistaken? 
Please  give  me. 
Move  on ! 

I  want  something  to  eat. 

Where  is  it? 

Go  and  look  for  it ! 

Take  this  letter  to  the  postoffice. 

How  much  is  it? 

It  is  dear. 
Thank  you. 


Don't  mention  it. 

Allow     me     to .   present     my 

friend  — 
I    am    glad     to    make    your 

acquaintance. 


Ne  vous  genez  pas. 

Ne  vous  derangez  pas. 

Je  suis  bien  aise  de  vous  voir. 

Je  suis  content  (heureux)  de 
vous  voir. 

Quelle  heure  est-il? 

II  est  10  heures. 

Prenez  garde ! 

Ne  me  derangez  pas ! 

Aire  tez- vous  ici ! 

M. demeure-t-il  ici? 

Entrez. 

Vous  etes  tres  aimable. 

A  quelle  heure  part  le  premier 
train? 

Comment  s'appelle  cette  sta- 
tion (gare)  ? 

Je  desire.     Je  veux  (stronger). 

Je  n'en  veux  pas. 

Dites-moi  ce  que  je  vous  dois. 

Ne  vous  trompez-vous  pas  ? 

Yeuillez  me  donner. 

Avancez ! 

Circulez  (policeman). 

Je  desire  quelque  chose  a  man- 
ger. 

Ou  est-ce? 

Allez  le  chercher ! 

Portez  cette  lettre  a  la  poste. 

Combien? 

Combien  cela  coute-t-il? 

C'est  cher. 

Merci.  (Merci  is  also  a  polite 
refusal,  when  you  decline 
something  offered.) 

Je  vous  en  remercie. 

II  n'y  a  pas  de  quoi. 

De  rien. 

Permettez-moi  de  vous  pre- 
senter mon  ami  — ■ 

Je  suis  enchante  de  faire 
votre  connaissance. 


68 


WAR   FRENCH 


How  far  is  it? 

What  can  I  do  for  you? 

Do  you  speak  English? 

I  do  not  speak  French  very 

well. 
Where  do  you  come  from  ? 
How  did  you  come? 
On  foot,  in  a  carriage,  in  an 

auto,  by  rail,  by  boat,  on  a 

bicycle,  on  horseback,  in  an 

aeroplane. 


A  quelle  distance  est-ce? 
Que  puis-je  faire  pour  vous? 
Parlez-vous  anglais? 
Je  ne  parle  pas   tres  bien  le 

francais. 
D'ou  venez-vous? 
Comment  etes-vous  venu? 
A  pied,   en  voiture,   en  auto, 

en  chemin  de  fer,  en  bateau, 

a,   bicyclette,    a   cheval,    en 

aeroplane. 


In  addressing  persons,  never  use  their  names.  Thus,  you  are 
talking  to  Mr.  Dufliquet.  In  English,  we  say:  "How  are  you, 
Mr.  Dufliquet?"  but  in  French  you  would  omit  the  name,  and 
say,  "Comment  allez-vous,  Monsieur?" 


(2)   The  Human  Body.    Le  Corps 


la  tete 

l'ceil,  m.  (pi.,  yeux) 

le  front 

la  figure 

les  cheveux 

l'oreille,  f. 

le  nez 

les  narines,  f.  pi. 

la  gorge 

la  bouche 

les  dents 

les  levres 

la  langue 

la  barbe 

le  menton 

le  cou 

la  poitrine 

les  epaules 

le  dos 

le  bras 

l'avant-bras,  m. 

le  coude 


head 

eye 

forehead 

face 

hair 

ear 

nose 

nostrils 

throat 

mouth  (gueule,  f.,  for  animals) 

teeth 

lips 

tongue 

beard 

chin 

neck 

chest 

shoulders 

back 

arm 

forearm 

elbow 


VOCABULARIES   AND    CONVERSATIONS 


69 


le  poignet 

le  pouee 

le  doigt 

l'estomac,  m. 

le  ventre 

la  cuisse 

le  genou 

la  jambe 

la  cheville 

le  pied 

les  doigts  de  pied 

le  talon 

le  mollet 

l'orteil,  m. 

"Dis  done,  Marie,  ce  doit  etre 
un  Anglais,  ee  monsieur  qui 
vient  de  sortir." 

"Comment  done!  e'est  un 
Amerieain." 

"Mais,  il  etait  habille  de  kaki 
et  ce  sont  les  Anglais  qui 
le  portent." 

"Les  Americans  aussi ;  n'as- 
tu  pas  remarque  qu'il  avait 
le  collet  haut  et  droit, 
eomme  le  notre  d'ailleurs, 
tandis  que  les  Anglais  l'ont 
rabattu?" 

"C'est  vrai,  je  ne  l'avais  pas 
remarque ;  mais  il  est  rase 
comme  les  Anglais,  il  a 
les  yeux  bleus,  comme  les 
Anglais,  le  teint  un  peu 
sanguin  et  hale  comme  les 
Anglais ;  et  encore  et  plus, 
il  ne  savait  rien  dire,  tout 
comme  les  Anglais.  Done, 
je  Fai  pris  pour  un  Anglais ; 
c'est  tout  naturel.  J'aurais 
bien  voulu  causer  un  petit 
peu    avec    lui.      II    a    l'air 


wrist 

thumb 

finger 

stomach 

abdomen 

thigh 

knee 

leg 

ankle 

foot 

toes 

heel 

calf 

great  toe 

"Say.  Mary,  that  must  be  an 
Englishman,  the  man  who 
has  just  left." 

" Nonsense!  he  is  an  Ameri- 
can." 

"But  he  was  dressed  in  khaki, 
and  it  is  the  English  who 
wear  it." 

"The  Americans  too  ;  did  you 
not  notice  that  he  had  a 
high  and  straight  collar, 
like  ours,  by  the  way.  while 
the  English  have  it  turned 
down?" 

"That  is  true,  I  had  not 
noticed  it.  but  he  is  clean- 
shaven Like  the  English : 
he  has  blue  eyes  like  the 
English,  a  ruddy  and  tanned 
complexion  like  the  English  ; 
and  what  is  more  he  could 
not  say  a  word,  just  like 
the  English.  Consequently 
I  took  him  for  an  English- 
man :  it  is  perfectly  natural. 
I  should  have  liked  to  talk 
a    little    with    him.     He    is 


70 


WAR   FRENCH 


assez  gentil,  ce  grand  gar- 
con.  II  ne  reviendra  peut- 
etre  jamais,  celui-la,  mais 
la !  il  doit  y  en  avoir  d'au- 
tres." 


pleasant  looking,  that  tall 
chap.  He  perhaps  will 
never  come  back,  but  there 
must  be  others." 


(3)  Clothes.    Les  Vetements 


l'habit,  m. 
le  veston 
le  complet 

le  gilet 

le  pantalon 

les  bretelles,  f . 

la  chemise 

le  eol 

le  faux  col 

la  cravate 

le  bouton 

la  boutonniere 

la  poche 

le  hnge 

le  calecon 

la  chaussette 

le  chapeau 

le  chapeau  haut  de  forme 

le  chapeau  de  paille 

le  chapeau  melon 

le  Soulier 

la  botte 

la  montre 

la  montre-bracelet 

le  trousseau  de  clefs 

le  canif 

le  portefeuille 

le  portemonnaie 

le  porte-cigarettes 

la  pipe 


coat  (tail  coat) 

sack  coat 

suit  (same  material  through- 
out) 

waistcoat ;  undershirt 

trousers  (never  say  paire  de 
pantalons) 

suspenders 

shirt 

collar  (fixed  on  shirt) 

collar  (detachable) 

cravat,  necktie 

button 

buttonhole 

pocket 

underclothes 

drawers  (never  say  paire  de 
calegon) 

sock 

hat 

high  hat,  silk  hat 

straw  hat 

derby  hat 

shoe  (it  is  correct  to  say  paire 
de  souliers) 

boot 

watch 

wrist  watch 

bunch  of  keys 

pocket  knife 

pocket  book 

purse 

cigarette  case 

pipe 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


71 


s'habiller 

se  deshabiller 

la  malle 

faire  une  malle 

defaire  une  malle 

"  Qu'avez-vous  done  ?  Qu'ya- 
t-il?" 

"  Ce  qu'il  y  a !  Je  m'habillais 
pour  sortir,  et  voila,  qu'en 
prenant  mon  pantalon  sur 
la  chaise,  il  s'accroche  a 
un  vilain  clou,  et  se  dec  hire 
comme  vous  voyez." 

"Oh!  ce  n'estrien;  il  y  a  un 
petit  tailleur  tout  pres  d'ici, 
qui  fera  votre  affaire." 

"Impossible,  vous  dis-je;  re- 
gardez-moi  ce  trou !  Et 
c'est  mon  seul  pantalon. 
Je  n'ai  pas  encore  recu  mes 
bagages." 


to  dress 

to  undress 

trunk 

to  pack  a  trunk 

to  unpack  a  trunk 

"What  is  the  matter  with 
you?     What  is  it?" 

"What  is  it?  I  was  dressing 
to  go  out,  and  what  do  you 
think,  in  taking  my  trousers 
off  the  chair,  they  caught 
on  a  wretched  nail  and  tore 
as  you  see." 

"Oh,  that's  nothing:  there 
is  a  little  tailor  close  by,  who 
will  attend  to  the  matter 
for  you." 

"Impossible,  I  tell  you:  just 
look  at  that  hole !  And 
those  are  my  only  trousers. 
I  have  not  yet  got  my 
baggage." 


"M.  Ducrot,  veuillez  prendre 
mesure  a  mon  ami.  II  a 
besoin  d'un  complet." 

"Volontiers,  Monsieur.  Quel 
drap  preferez-vous,  Mon- 
sieur? En  voici  d'Ecosse. 
Veuillez  passer  dans  ce  cabi- 
net .  .  .  Mon  Dieu !  quelle 
dechirure !  pas  moyen  de  la 
raccommoder.  C'est  un 
pantalon  americain,  n'est-ce 
pas,   monsieur?" 

"Americain,  oui ;  mais  com- 
ment le  savez-vous?" 

"Par  cette  patte,  monsieur, 
qui  chez  nous  part  toujours 
du  cote  gauche.     Vous  aurez 


"Mr.  Ducrot,  I  wish  you 
would  take  my  friend's  meas- 
ure.    He  needs  a  suit." 

"With  pleasure  sir;  what 
cloth  do  you  prefer?  Here 
are  some  from  Scotland. 
Please  pass  into  this  closet. 
Good  Heavens !  What  a 
tear  !  No  way  to  mend  that ! 
Those  are  American  trous- 
ers, are  they  not,  sir?" 

"American,  yes,  but  how  do 
you  know  it?" 

"By  this  tongue,  sir,  which 
with  us  always  comes  from 
the    left     side.     You     shall 


:: 


V.AR    FRENCH 


vos  Tenements  demain.  a 
ht 

'"Sans   fame!      Yous   e^    Btee 
is    lenes   votre 
parole.  -  pre- 

mier tailleur  de  ma  eonnais- 
sanee  qui  l*ait  ja 

rd    Di- 
constitute  profanity.     H 


have   your   clothe;    :  >raor- 
row  &-    -       in  the  evening, 
.out  fail." 
"Without  fail!     You 
of    it?     I:  keep    your 

HI  be  I 
tailor    of   my    acquaint: 
tha-  Bd." 

ejaculations  does  not    ah 
do  not  £        nom  de  Dieu.j 


4    Food.     La  Xoureituee 


le  pain 
la  viande 
k  -  .-rgumes 
le  lait 

le  cafe" 
le  Yin 

la  pomme  1 

-      . 
-  .  m. 
les  fruits,  m. 
la  pomme 
la  eet 
la  poire 
l'eau.  f. 
le  sel 
le  poivre 

• 
la  nappe 
le  plat 
l'ass 
la  four 
la  t:. 
la  at  ■ 
le  eouteau 
la  cuiller 
la  soupe 
le  labac 


bread 
jt 

lea 

::.:.:: 

tea 

coffee 

potato 
peas 
bea: 
Emits 
apple 
try 

salt 

pepper 
gar 

tablecloth 
dish 
pkv 
fork 

napkin 

spoon 

soup 

tobaeeo 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


73 


I-  beurre 

I-  rince-bouche 

manger,  v.  t. 

boire,  v.  t. 

le  dejeuner 

petit  dejeuner 

le  diner 

le  dessert 

la  consommation 

le  pourboire 

1' addition,  f. 


butter 

finger  bowl 

to  eat 

to  drink 

breakfast 

early  breakfast 

dinner 

dessert 

a  drink 

tip 

bill 


We  say  "to  be  hungry,"  the  French 
and  learn  the  following  : 

avoir  faim 

avoir  soif 

avoir  froid 

avoir  chaud 

avoir  peur 

avoir  raison 

avoir  tort 

J'ai  froid  aux  pieds. 

.J'ai  mal  a  la  gorge. 


"J'ai  bien  faim,  moi." 

"Et  moi  aussi;  voila  deux 
heures  que  nous  rnarchons." 

"Eh      bien,      je      erois      qu'au 
tournant  du  coin  que  vous 
voyez   la-bas,    nous   trouve- 
rons  un  petit  restaurant." 
***** 

"Garcon,  vous  avez  devant 
vous  deux  affames;  donnez- 
nous  a.  manger  et  vite ! " 


"Bien,  monsieur.  Que  de- 
sirent  ces  messieurs?" 

"N'importe  quoi ;  de  la  vi- 
ande,  du  vin,  du  pain,  et  des 
fruits  ;  et  apres,  du  cafe." 


'  to  have  hunger."     Notice 


to  be  hungry 
to  be  thirsty 
to  be  cold 
to  be  hot 
to  be  afraid 
to  be  right 
to  be  wrong 
My  feet  are  cold. 
My  throat  is  sore. 


"I  am  very  hungry,  I  am." 
"  I  am  too  ;  we  have  been  walk- 
ing for  two  hours." 
"Well,  I  believe  that  around 
that  corner  you  see  yonder, 
we  shall  find  a  little  res- 
taurant." 

***** 

"Waiter,  you  have  before  you 
two  starving  men.  Give 
us  something  to  eat  and 
quickly  !" 

"Very  good,  sir.  What  would 
the  gentlemen  like?" 

"It  makes  no  difference  ;  meat, 
wine,  bread,  fruits  and  after- 
wards, coffee." 


74 


WAR   FRENCH 


'Bien,  monsieur.  II  faudra 
cinq  minutes  pour  tout  cela, 
je  crois.  En  attendant, 
voiei  le  Figaro,  a  votre 
service.  Le  courrier  vient 
d'arriver." 


'Very  well,  sir.  All  that  will 
take  five  minutes,  I  believe. 
In  the  meantime  here  is 
the  Figaro  for  you.  The 
mail  has  just  come." 


"  Dites  done,  mais  e'est  un 
fameux  repas  que  nous  ve- 
nons  de  faire !" 

"Cela  ne  devrait  pas  vous 
etonner,  on  mange  toujours 
bien  dans  ce  petit  coin 
de  province." 


"I  say,  but  that  was  a  famous 
meal  we  have  just  had  ! " 


;That  ought  not  to  astonish 
you  ;  the  food  is  always  good 
in  this  provincial  nook." 


[The  French  begin  the  day  with  coffee  and  bread  on  getting 
up ;  a  real  breakfast,  dejeuner  a  la  fourchette  (breakfast  with  a 
fork),  is  served  from  11 :  30  to  12  and  corresponds  more  or  less  to 
our  lunch.  Dinner  is  like  ours,  except  that  certain  vegetables 
constitute  separate  courses.] 


(5)    The  House.     La  Maison 


a  chambre 

a  salle  a  manger 

a  chambre  a  coucher 

e  salon 

e  cabinet 

'escalier,  m. 

'escalier  de  service 

a  cuisine 

a  rampe 

e  toit 

a  fenetre 

a  vitre 

a  porte 

a  porte  de  la  rue 

elit 

a  table 

a  chaise 

e  tapis 


room 

dining  room 

bedroom 

parlor,  drawing  room 

study,  small  room ;    w.  c. 

staircase 

back  stairs,  servant's  stairs 

kitchen 

balusters 

roof 

window 

window  pane 

door 

street  door 

bed 

table 

chair 

carpet 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


75 


la  cheminee 

le  plafond 

le  plancher 

la  bibliotheque 

le  jardin 

le  jardin  potager 

le  rez-de-chaussee 

l'ofnce 

la  cuisiniere 

la  bonne 

la  bonne  a  tout  faire 

les  domestiques 

le  cocher 

le  chauffeur 

l'automobile,  m.  or  f. 

le  garage 

l'ecurie,  f. 

1'etable,  f. 

monter,  v.  n. 

descendre,  v.  n. 

se  coucher,  v.  r. 

se  lever,  v.  r. 

"  C'est  singulier,  ici  en  France 
lorsqu'on  veut  dire  'second 
floor,'  on  dit  au  premier." 

"Oui,  et  notre  'first  floor' 
devient  le  rez-de-chaussee." 

"Pour  les  noms,  ca  n'est 
par  grand'chose,  on  finira 
par  les  apprendre.  Mais 
les  fenetres !  les  fenetres 
s'ouvrent  corame  les  portes. 
11  faut  qu'une  fenetre  soit 
ouverte  ou  fermee." 

"  Ca  arrive  en  Amerique  aussi." 

"Vous  savez  parfaitement  bien 
ce  que  je  veux  dire ;  il  n'y 
a  pas  moyen  de  les  tenir, 
les  fenetres,  un  peu  ouvertes, 
comme    chez    nous.     Et    si 


chimney 

ceiling 

floor 

bookcase,  library 

garden 

kitchen  garden 

ground  floor 

the  pantry 

cook 

maid 

slavey 

servants 

coachman 

chauffeur 

automobile 

garage 

stable  (for  horses) 

stable  (for  cattle) 

to  go  upstairs 

to  go  downstairs 

to  go  to  bed 

to  get  up 

"It  is  odd,  here  in  France, 
when  they  mean  'second 
floor,'   they  say   'first.'" 

"Yes,  and  our  first  floor  be- 
comes the  'rez-de-chaussee.' " 

"In  respect  of  names,  the 
matter  is  of  no  importance. 
We'll  end  by  learning  them. 
But  the  windows,  the  win- 
dows open  like  doors.  A 
window  has  got  to  be  open 
or  shut." 

"That  happens  in  America, 
too." 

"You  know  perfectly  well 
what  I  mean.  There  is 
no  way  of  keeping  them, 
the  windows,  a  little  open, 
as  we  do  at  home.     And  if 


76 


WAR   FRENCH 


Ton  voulait  les  amenager  pour 
exclure  les  moustiques  ..." 

"Ne  vous  derange z  pas;  il 
n'y  en  a  pas,  de  moustiques, 
dans  ces  parages." 

"Passe  pour  les  moustiques; 
mais  pourquoi  ne  pas  avoir 
d'aseenseur  dans  notre 
hotel?  Ma  chambre  se 
trouve  au  sixdeme,  non,  au 
einquieme,  et  il  me  faut 
grimper,  grimper,  ehaque 
fois  que  j'ai  besoin  de 
monter  ehez  moi.  J 'arrive 
tout  essoume." 

"Celaprouve  que  vous  avez 
besoin  d'exereiee.  Et  une 
fois  que  vous  y  etes,  vous 
avez  une  tres  jolie  vue  sur 
le  pont,  avee  ees  eollines 
bleues  au-dela,  et  en  deca 
le  village  aux  toits  rouges. 
Cela  ne  nous  recompense-t-il 
pas  de  vos  efforts?" 


it  were  necessary  to  arrange 
them  so  as  to  shut  out  mos- 
quitoes ..." 
"Don't    worry,    there    are    no 
mosquitoes  in  these  parts." 

"Let  the  mosquitoes  go,  but 
why  not  have  an  elevator 
in  our  hotel?  My  room  is 
on  the  sixth,  no'  the  fifth 
floor,  and  I  have  to  climb 
and  climb  every  time  I 
need  to  go  up.  I  arrive 
completely  out  of  breath." 


"That  proves  that  you  need 
exercise.  And  once  you  get 
there,  you  have  a  very 
pretty  view  of  the  bridge, 
with  the  blue  hills  beyond, 
and  on  this  side,  the  village 
with  red  roofs.  Doesn't 
that  recompense  you  for 
your  efforts?" 


(6)   Country.     La  Campagne 


a  riviere 
e  fleuve 
a  campagne 
e  sentier 
a  route 
a  grand'route 
e  trottoir 
es  arbres,  m 
e  chene 
'orme,  m. 
e  pin 
e  sapin 
e  peuplier 


(small)  river,  creek  (U. 

(large)  river 

country 

path 

road 

highway 

sidewalk 

trees 

oak 

elm 

pine 

fir 

poplar 


S.) 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


77 


le  canal 

canal 

le  pont 

bridge 

le  pont  suspendu 

suspension  bridge 

la  chaussee 

causeway,  highway 

le  champ 

field 

le  verger 

orchard 

le  bord 

border 

le  courant 

current 

le  village 

village 

l'eglise 

church 

le  temple 

Protestant  church 

leble 

wheat 

le  seigle 

rye 

l'avoine,  f. 

oats 

le  foin 

hay 

la  promenade 

walk 

faire  une  promenade 

to  take  a  walk 

la  pluie 

rain 

le  vent 

wind 

la  poussiere 

dust 

la  neige 

snow 

le  tonnerre 

thunder 

l'eelair,  m. 

lightning 

l'orage,  m. 

thunderstorm 

la  grele 

hail 

l'averse,  f. 

shower 

"  Si  nous  allions  faire  une  prome- 
nade aux  bords  de  la  riviere." 

"Je  veux  bien,  d'autant  plus 
que  je  commencais  a.  m'en- 
nuyer.  Ces  deux  jours  de 
pluie  ..." 

"N'en  parlez  plus:  voila  le 
soleil  qui  perce." 

"  C'est  une  assez  belle  route 
que  celle-ci,  bordee  qu'elle 
est  de  peupliers.  Voila  ce 
qui  m'etonne  de  plus  en  plus, 
depuis  que  je  suis  en  France, 
l'excellence  des  chemins." 


'What  do  you  say  to  a  walk 

on  the  river  bank?" 
'I  am  willing,  particularly  as 

I  was  beginning  to  be  bored. 

These  two  days  of  rain  ..." 


them  again : 
sun    coming 


'Don't  mention 
here     is     the 
through." 

'This  is  quite  a  fine  road, 
bordered  as  it  is  with  pop- 
lars. That  is  what  aston- 
ishes me  more  and  more 
since  I  have  been  in  France, 
the  excellence  of  the  roads." 


78 


WAR   FRENCH 


'  Vous  avez  raison  ;  mais  vous 
vous  rappelez  la  grand'route 
que  nous  avons  suivie  hier, 
et  qui  vous  a  paru  si  bonne  ? 
Elle  date  du  temps  des 
Romains :  pourquoi  ne  se- 
rai t-elle  pas  bonne?  Voila 
deux  mille  ans  qu'on  tra- 
vaille  a  la  maintenir  en  bon 
etat." 

'Quel  dommage  que  nous 
n'ayons  pas  de  tels  chemins 
en  Amerique !" 

'  Soyez  tranquille,  nous 
sommes  encore  tres  jeunes ; 
il  faut  du  temps  pour  cela. 
Rappelez  vous  qu'ici  en 
Europe,  les  routes  ont  de- 
vance  les  chemins  de  fer 
tandis  que  chez  nous  c'est 
le  cas  contraire." 


"You  are  right;  but  do  you 
recollect  the  highway  we 
followed  yesterday,  and 
which  seemed  so  good  to 
you?  It  dates  from  the 
time  of  the  Romans ;  why 
shouldn't  it  be  good?  For 
two  thousand  years  they 
have  been  working  to  keep 
it  in  good  order." 

"What  a  pity  we  have  no 
such  roads  in  America!" 

"Don't  worry:  we  are  still 
very  young :  that  sort  of 
thing  takes  time.  Recol- 
lect that  here  in  Europe 
the  roads  came  before  the 
railroads ;  while  with  us  the 
opposite  is  the  case." 


(7)    Railroads.     Les  Chemin  de  Fer 


le  chemin  de  fer 
chemin  de  fer  a  deux,  a 

quatre,  voies 
la  voie 
le  rail 
la  traverse 

le  cceur  de  croisement 
l'aiguille 
le  train 

le  train  express 
le  train  de  grande  vitesse 
le  train  de  marchandises 
le  train  de  retour 
le  voyageur 

le  bagage 

faire  enregistrer  ses 
bagages 


railroad 

double-track,  four-track  road 

the  way,  the  track 

rail 

crosstie 

frog 

switch 

train 

express  train 

fast  train 

freight  (goods)  train 

return  train 

passenger  (a  passenger  at  sea 

is  a  passager) 
baggage 
to  have  one's  baggage  checked 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


79 


la  sallo  d'attente 
le  filet 

la  locomotive 

le  tender 

le  wagon 

la  voiture 

le  fourgon 

le  billet 

le  billet  d'aller  et  retour 

le  billet  direct 

le  billet  simple 

le  guichet 

la  gare 

la  station 

le  depot 

prendre  un  billet 


le  facteur 


waiting  room 

rack     (in     the    compartment, 

for  hand  baggage) 
engine,  locomotive 
tender 
car 
car 

car  (baggage,  etc.) 
ticket 

round-trip  ticket 
through  ticket 
single  ticket 
ticket  window 
station 
station 
parcel  room 
to  buy  a  ticket   (The  French 

say   prendre   un   billet,   not 

acheter  un  billet.) 
porter 


Au  Guichet 

"Deux  billets,  aller  et  retour, 
premiere  classe,  pour  Con- 
trexeville, s'il  vous  plait, 
monsieur." 

"Les  voila,  monsieur,  quarante 
francs,  vingt-cinq  centimes. 
Voici  votre  monnaie,  mon- 
sieur." 


At  the  Ticket  Window 

'Two  round-trip  tickets,  first 
class,  for  Contrexeville,  if 
you  please." 

;  Here  they  are,  sir ;  40  francs 
and  25  centimes.  Here  is 
your  change,  sir." 


Sur  le  Quai 

"Sur  quelle  voie  se  trouve 
notre  train?" 

"Mais  si  monsieur  voulait 
bien  m'indiquer  quel  train 
il  veut  prendre  ..." 

"Celui  de  deux  heures  pour 
Contrexeville." 


On  the  Platform 
"On  what  track  is  our  train?" 

"Why  if  the  gentleman  would 
be  kind  enough  to  tell  me 
what    train    he    means    to 

u£H£G        •    • 

"The  two-o'clock  train  for 
Contrexeville." 


80 


WAR   FRENCH 


"Sur  la  deuxieme  voie  la-bas 

a  droite,   monsieur." 
"Et  nous  arrivons  a  temps?" 
"Oh  oui,  vous  avez  encore  un 
quart   d'heiu-e  a  attendre." 


"On    the    second    track    over 

there  to  the  right,  sir." 
"And  we  are  in  time?" 
"Yes,    indeed,    you    have    15 
minutes  to  wait  yet." 


"Un  quart  d'heure !  Voyons, 
nous  avons  nos  billets,  nous 
avons  fait  enregistrer  nos 
bagages,  vous  avez  sous  le 
bras  une  provision  de  jour- 
naux;  c'est  tout,  n'est-ce 
pas?" 

"C'est  tout  sauf  ce  maudit 
quart  d'heure !  Vous  etes 
toujours  si  presse,  chaque 
fois  que  nous  faisons  un 
petit  voyage.  Je  vous  de- 
clare formellement,  que  la 
prochaine  fois,  ce  sera  moi 
qui  fixerai  l'heure  du  depart 
de  l'hotel." 


'A  quarter  of  an  hour  !  Let's 
see,  we  have  our  tickets, 
we  have  had  our  baggage 
checked,  you  have  under 
your  arms  a  supply  of  news- 
papers;  that's  all,  isn't  it?" 

'That's  all  except  that 
wretched  quarter  of  an  hour. 
You  are  always  in  such  a 
hurry  every  time  we  take  a 
little  trip.  I  declare  for- 
mally that  the  next  time  it 
will  be  I  that  shall  fix  the 
moment  of  departure  from 
the  hotel." 


[The  usual  railway  carriage  in  France,  as  everywhere  else  in 
Europe,  is  divided  into  compartments,  compartiments,  into 
which  the  traveler  steps  from  the  platform.  If  there  is  room 
for  you,  you  get  a  seat,  which  is  yours  for  the  trip.  On  getting 
out  at  stations  to  look  about,  be  sure  to  leave  something  in  your 
seat,  if  you  have  not  placed  your  bag  or  parcel  or  something  in 
the  rack  above  it.  Otherwise  on  returning  to  your,  compartment 
you  may  find  some  one  in  your  place,  who  will  point  to  the  lack 
of  bag,  parcel,  etc.,  as  aforesaid,  to  prove  that  the  seat  was 
vacant.  The  great  trains,  the  trains  de  luxe,  have  corridors,  but 
the  same  rule  is  observed  in  respect  of  seats.  The  foregoing 
practice  is  of  course  the  one  that  prevails  in  time  of  peace ;  it  is 
possible  you  will  find  no  occasion  to  observe  it.] 


(8)   Numerals 


1  un,  f.  une 

2  deux 


3  trois 

4  quatre 


VOCABULARIES   AND    CONVERSATIONS 


81 


5  cinq 

6  six 

7  sept 

8  huit 

9  neuf 

10  dix 

11  onze 

12  douze 

13  treize 

14  quatorze 

15  quinze 

16  seize 

17  dix-sept 

18  dix-huit 

19  dix-neuf 

20  vingt 

21  vingt  et  un 

22  vingt-deux 

23  vingt-trois 

30  trente 

31  trente  et  un 

32  trente-deux 
40  quarante 
50  cinquante 
60  soixante 

70  soixante-dix 

71  soixante  et  onze 

72  soixante-douze 


73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
90 
91 
92 
97 

100 
101 
125 

200 
205 
1000 
1015 
1400 
2000 
4235 

1,000,000 


soixante-treize 

soixante-quatorze 

soixante-quinze 

soixante-seize 

soixante-dix-sept 

soixante-dix-huit 

soixante-dix-neuf 

quatre-vingts 

quatre-vingt-un 

quatre- vingt-deux 

quatre-  vingt-trois 

quatre-vingt-dix 

quatre-vingt-onze 

quatre-vingt-douze 

quatre-vingt-dix- 

sept 
cent 
cent  un 

cent  vingt-cinq 
deux  cents 
deux  cent  cinq 
mille 

mille  quinze 
mille  quatre  cents 
deux  mille 
quatre     mille     deux 

cent  trente-cinq 
un  million 


Ordinals  are  formed  from  cardinals  by  adding  ieme,  omitting 
final  e  if  there  is  one. 

troisieme,  third  quatrieme,  fourth 

vingt  et  unieme,  twenty-first 

Exceptions : 

premier,  premiere  f.,  first 

second,  seconde,  f.,  second  (in  a  series  of  two) 

[deuxieme  is  second  in  a  series  of  more  than  two] 

cinquieme  (u  inserted),  fifth 

neuvieme  (f  changes  to  v),  ninth 

Q 


82  WAR   FRENCH 

Ordinals  are  abbreviated  as  follows  : 

premier,     ler  dixierne,  lO 

premiere,  lSre  centieme,  100e 

deuxieme,  2«  etc. 

As  is  evident,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  know  the  numerals ; 
and  there  is  but  one  way  to  know  them  :  sit  down  and  learn  them. 
Of  the  cardinals,  un  varies  for  gender  and  cent  for  number; 
the  others  are  invariable  :  neuf  femmes,  neuf  homines.  Notice 
that  80  is  "four  twenties,"  quatre-vingts ;  81,  however,  is  quatre- 
vingt-un  (the  s  is  dropped),  and  so  of  the  other  figures  beyond 
81  to  99.  Similarly,  200  men  is  deux  cents  homines,  but  201 
men  is  deux  cent  un  hommes.  The  ordinals  are  adjectives 
and  agree  with  their  nouns.  Un  huitieme  is  one-eighth,  and  so 
of  the  other  fractions.  In  dates,  mille  becomes  mil ;  1917  is 
mil  neuf  cent  dix-sept.  The  French  in  pointing  off  large  num- 
bers frequently  use  the  period  where  we  use  the  comma.  For 
example,  10.500  is  ten  thousand  five  hundred.  Again  10,500, 
which  with  us  is  ten  thousand  five  hundred,  in  French  is  ten  and 
five  tenths ;  that  is,  in  decimals,  they  use  the  comma  instead  of 
the  period. 

(9)   Time,  Weather,   etc. 

The  time  of  day  in  French  is  expressed  by  suitably  using  the 
word  heure,  hour.     A  few  examples  follow : 

Quelle  heure  est-il  ?  What  time  is  it  ? 

II  est  onze  heures.  It  is  eleven  o'clock. 

II  est  onze  heures  moins  quart.  It  is  10  :  45. 

II  est  dix  heures  et  demie.  It  is  10 :  30. 

II  est  quatre  heures  (et)  vingt  It  is  4  :  20. 
(minutes). 

Twelve  o'clock  noon  is  midi  (never  douze  heures). 
Twelve  o'clock  midnight  is  minuit  (never  douze  heures). 

Midi  moins  quart.  1 1 :  45. 

Paris  time,  Greenwich  time,  are  l'heure  de  Paris ;  l'heure  de 
Greenwich. 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


83 


My  watch  gains,  is  fast. 
My  watch  loses. 

Your  watch  is  5  minutes  slow. 


Ma  montre  avance. 

Ma    montre    retarde,    est    en 

retard. 
Votre  montre  est  en  retard  de 

cinq  minutes. 


Horloge,  f.,  is  a  public  clock,  i.e.,  one  on  a  church,  etc.,  pendule, 
f.,  is  a  chimney  clock. 

Since  we  are  speaking  of  time,  notice  the  following : 

Have  a  good  time  !  Amusez-vous  bien  ! 

How    many    times    have    you      Combien     de     fois    avez-vous 

been  to  Paris?  ete  a  Paris? 

In  Napoleon's  time.  Du  temps  de  Napoleon  (or)  a 

l'epoque  de  Napoleon. 

Temps,  m.,  is  time  in  the  abstract.     It  also  means  weather. 

The  weather  is  fine.  II  fait  beau  temps. 

(You  may  also  say)  II  fait  beau. 

The  variations  or  accidents  of  the  weather  are  expressed  by 
the  impersonal  verb  faire,  to  do,  make ;  thus,  above,  II  fait  beau 
temps  is  literally,  "it  makes  fine  weather."  Here  are  a  few 
more  useful  expressions : 

II  fait  du  vent. 
II  fait  de  la  pluie. 
II  fait  du  soleil. 
II  fait  de  la  lune. 
II  fait  du  tonnerre. 


It  is  windy. 

It  is  raining. 

The  sun  is  shining. 

The  moon  is  shining. 

It  thunders. 


You  may  of  course  say  directly :  II  pleut,  it  rains ;   le  soleil 
brille ;    the  sun  is  shining ;   il  tonne,  it  thunders. 


(10)   Days,  Months,  and  Seasons 

Sunday  dimanche 

Monday  lundi 

Tuesday  march 

Wednesday  mercredi 

Thursday  jeudi 

Friday  vendredi 

Saturday  samedi 


84 


WAR   FRENCH 


January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

the  seasons 

winter 

spring 

summer 

fall 

year 

month 

week 

day 

hour 

minute 

second 


janvier 

fevrier 

mars 

avril 

mai 

juin 

juillet 

aout  (Pronounce  oo) 

septembre 

octobre 

novembre 

decembre 

les  saisons 
l'hiver 
le  printemps 
l'ete 

l'automne 
un  an 
une  annee 
un  mois 
une  semaine 
un  jour 
une  heure 
une  minute 
une  seconde 


[The  days  of  the  week,  the  months,  and  seasons  are  written 
without  capitals  in  French.] 


(11)  French  Units 

The  basis  of  the  French  system  of  weights,  the  metric  system, 
is  the  metre,  equal  to  3.281  feet,  or  39.37  inches.  The  French 
have  names  for  the  multiples  of  the  metre  by  10,  thus  decametre, 
10  meters,  but  seldom  use  them,  except  the  kilometre,  1000 
meters,  which  plays  the  same  part  as  does  our  mile.  The  kilo- 
metre is  roughly  f  of  a  mile.  Submultiples  of  the  metre  are  the 
centimetre,  roughly  0.4  inch,  and  the  millimetre,  0.04  inch. 
These  are  in  constant  use.  Solid  measure  is  usually  expressed 
in  cubic  meters.     The  unit  of  liquid  measure  is  the  litre,  which 


CORRESPONDENCE  85 

is  the  cube  of  10  centimeters,  and  is  equal  to  1.06  quarts.  The 
unit  of  superficial  measure  is  the  are,  100  square  meters,  from 
which  is  derived  the  hectare,  10,000  square  meters,  but  square 
meters,  metres  carres,  is  perhaps  more  frequently  seen.  The 
unit  of  weight  is  the  gramme,  the  weight  of  one  cubic  centimeter 
of  water :  from  this  comes  the  usual  commercial  unit,  the  kilo- 
gramme (or  kilo  for  short),  2.2  pounds  avoirdupois,  very  nearly. 
The  tonne  metrique,  or  tonne,  is  1000  kilogrammes.  The  ther- 
mometer used  in  France  is  the  Centigrade,  whose  zero  is  our  32 
degrees  Fahrenheit ;  its  100  degrees  is  our  212  degree  Fahrenheit. 
The  unit  of  value  of  France  is  the  franc,  divided  into  100 
centimes  and  worth  in  our  money,  normally,  19.3  cents.  Gold 
coins  are  the  20  and  10  franc  pieces ;  silver,  5,  2,  1  franc  pieces, 
50  centime,  and  20  centime  pieces.  Copper  coins  are  10  and  5 
centime  pieces.  The  normal  banknotes  of  peace  time  are  the 
50  franc,  100  franc,  and  others  of  higher  denomination. 


CHAPTER  XI 

CORRESPONDENCE 

It  is  hardly  likely  that  you  will  be  called  upon  to  correspond 
in  French,  but  if  you  should,  the  following  points  should  be  ob- 
served.    You  are  writing  to  Mr.  Dufliquet : 

(a)  He  is  a  stranger,  or  you  know  him  but  slightly ;  or  he  is  a 
person  of  position : 

Begin : 

Monsieur, 

[body    of   letter] 
and  close : 

Veuillez  agreer  (please  accept),  monsieur,  l'expression  de  mes 
sentiments  les  plus  respectueux 

or  [Signature] 

Je  vous  prie,  monsieur,  de  recevoir  mes  civilites  bien  em- 
pressees 

[Signature] 


86  WAR   FRENCH 

(b)  You  know  Mr.  Dufliquet  tolerably  well : 
Begin : 

Cher  monsieur, 

[body  of  letter] 
and  close : 

Cordialement  a  vous 
(or)  Votre  devoue 
(or)  Tout  a  vous 
(or)  A  vous  de  tout  coeur 
(or)  Je  vous  serre  cordialement  la  main 

[Signature] 
(c)  If  Mr.  Dufliquet  is  a  friend : 

Begin : 

(Mon)  Cher  Dufliquet : 

Close  as  in  (b). 

In  writing  to  an  officer,  you  may  begin : 
Mon  cher  camarade, 
but  it  is  safer  to  be  a  little  more  formal : 
Mon  cher  commandant,  capitaine,  etc. 

In  general  use  the  same  forms  that  you  would  in  addressing 
him  face  to  face;  you  would  certainly  do  this,  if  your  corre- 
spondent were  notably  superior  to  you  in  rank. 

Madame  Dufliquet  would  expect  you  to  open  with  Madame ; 
or  if  you  knew  her  quite  well,  with  Chere  madame.  In  closing, 
you  must  offer  your  "hommages"  thus: 

Veuillez  agreer,  madame,  mes  hommages  les  plus  respectueux. 

[Signature] 

Of  course,  if  your  relations  to  your  correspondent  justify  it, 
you  will  use  a  less  formal  closing,  for  which  rules  cannot  well  be 
given.  Lastly,  recollect  that  you  will  lose  nothing  in  your 
French  correspondence,  by  observing  what  the  French  call 
correction,  i.e.,  attention,  not  only  to  the  formulas  already  given, 
but  to  neatness,  details,  quality  of  paper,  etc. 


PART   II 
THE  FRENCH  ARMY 


CHAPTER  I 
THE   ARMY 

The  conditions  of  military  service  in  France  in  force  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war,  August,  1914,  were  as  follows : 

Military  service  is  universal  and  obligatory.  There  are  no 
exemptions,  save  for  physical  defects.  The  French  army  there- 
fore is  truly  the  people's  army,  and  conversely,  the  people  make 
the  army.  It  is  their  army.  Military  service  begins  at  the 
age  of  20  and  lasts  3  years  with  the  colors.  The  men  thus 
serving  constitute  the  active  army  (l'armee  active,  called  for 
short  l'active) ;  from  the  active  the  soldier  passes  to  the  reserve 
of  the  active  army  (reserve  de  l'armee  active,  called  for  short 
la  reserve)  in  which  he  remains  11  years.  While  in  the  reserve 
he  is  called  out  twice  for  training  and  maneuvers,  each  period 
lasting  4  weeks.  From  the  reserve  he  passes  on  to  the  territorial 
army  (l'armee  territoriale,  called  for  short  la  territoriale), 
in  which  he  remains  7  years ;  he  is  called  out  only  once,  for  2 
weeks,  while  in  this  part  of  the  national  forces.  Lastly  he 
emerges  into  the  reserve  of  the  territorial  army  (reserve  de  l'ar- 
mee territoriale),  where  he  gets  no  periodical  training. 

The  army  thus  raised  is  known  as  the  "home"  or  metropolitan 
army  (l'armee  metropolitaine)  and  is  distinct  from  the  colonial 
army  (l'armee  coloniale)  which  exists  for  service  chiefly  abroad 
in  French  colonies. 

In  August,  1914,  the  peace  strength  of  the  army  (home  and 
colonial)  was  in  round  numbers  703,000  and  87,000  respectively. 
These  numbers  were  of  course  vastly  increased  by  the  mobili- 
zation ordered  when  Germany  declared  war.  On  mobilization, 
the  reserve  brings  up  its  unit  to  war  strength,  and  forms  corre- 
sponding reserve  units  :  according  to  report,  France  for  the  war 
has  mobilized  no  less  than  15  per  cent  of  her  population. 

Two  infantry  regiments  make  a  brigade,  2  brigades  a  division, 
2  divisions  an  army  corps.  French  field  batteries  are  4-gun, 
and  the  gun  is  the  celebrated  75  mm.  Each  division  has  a  field 
artillery  regiment  of  9  batteries :    the  corps  artillery  consists 

89 


90  WAR   FRENCH 

(normally)  of  9  field  and  3  howitzer  batteries.  The  need  how- 
ever of  artillery  has  been  so  great  in  the  trench  warfare  of  the 
western  front,  and  especially  of  heavy  guns  of  all  sorts,  that  it 
is  safe  to  say,  that  the  number  of  guns  of  all  kinds  with  the  armies 
and  their  units  has  passed  completely  beyond  all  limits  fixed 
by  past  experience  and  study. 

With  the  corps,  and  forming  part  of  it,  are  a  cavalry  brigade, 
engineers,  and  other  auxiliary  but  absolutely  essential  services. 
The  cavalry  division  generally  contains  three  brigades  of  two 
regiments  each.  The  French  cavalry  is  divided  into  dragoons, 
cuirassiers,  and  hussars.  These  classes  exist  traditionally,  as 
survivals,  perhaps,  of  a  time  when  they  carried  more  meaning 
than  they  do  to-day.  A  more  useful  distinction  perhaps  is  that 
between  light  cavalry  (la  cavalerie  leg  ere),  represented  by  the 
hussars,  and  the  heavy  cavalry,  represented  by  the  cuirassiers, 
who  wear  steel  body  armor.  But  as  a  matter  of  fact,  since  the 
full  development  of  trench  warfare,  the  French  cavalry  as  such 
has  had  but  little  to  do,  but  is  awaiting  the  moment,  if  it  ever 
comes,  when  it  can  break  through  and  again  take  up  its  normal 
duties. 

It  should  be  understood  that  in  France  the  army  is  both  local- 
ized and  territorialized.  The  entire  national  territory  is  divided 
into  regions  (21  in  all)  called  corps  regions,  because  each  furnishes 
an  army  corps.  The  19th  region  is  in  Algiers.  Each  of  the 
8  regiments  of  infantry  of  a,n  army  corps  is  recruited  in  its  own 
district,  and  as  far  as  possible  is  garrisoned  in  it.  There  are, 
however,  "regional"  regiments  in  addition,  recruited  over  the 
corps  regions  at  large  and  serving  (before  the  war)  on  the  eastern 
frontier.  Reserve  troops  form  reserve,  and  territorial  troops, 
territorial  divisions.  Besides  the  kinds  of  troops  mentioned 
above,  there  are  special  troops,  such  as  the  chasseurs  (literally, 
hunters) ;  these  are  both  cavalry  (chasseurs  a  cheval),  and  in- 
fantry (chasseurs  a  pied).  There  are  also  chasseurs  d'Afrique, 
light  cavalry  specially  designed  for  Algerian  service.  The 
chasseurs  a  pied  form  a  particular  body  of  great  renown ;  among 
them  are  found  the  chasseurs  alpins,  Alpine  troops,  a  sort  of 
mountain  infantry.  We  must  also  mention  the  Spahis,  native 
cavalry  (in  Algeria  chiefly)  with  French  officers,  and  the  Zouaves, 
forming  part  of  the  infantry  of  the  19th  corps  in  Algiers,  and 
to-day  composed  totally  of  Frenchmen. 

The  infantry  carry  the  Lebel  rifle,  cal.  0.315,  and  bayonet;  the 
cavalry,  besides  the  saber,  the  Lebel  carbine. 


OFFICERS  91 

We  must  understand  however  that  in  consequence  of  trench 
warfare,  which  seems  to  have  become  the  established  mode,  the 
infantry  has  greatly  changed.  Thus  although  the  French  in- 
fantry are  armed  wth  the  Lebel,  a  magazine  gun,  yet  it  would 
not  be  inaccurate  to  say  that  the  grenade,  the  trench  knife,  the 
bayonet,  the  revolver,  the  automatic  rifle,  the  machine  gun,  under 
actual  conditions,  are  of  greater  importance  than  the  classic 
rifle.  Infantry  are  also  called  upon  to  work  trench  artillery 
(trench  mortars,  small  rapid-fire  guns).  These  come  into  play, 
really,  before  the  rifle,  and  at  close  quarters  are  more  efficacious. 

The  French  supply  service,  like  that  of  all  other  modern  ar- 
mies, is  complicated ;  too  complicated  for  any  detailed  description 
here.  It  involves,  of  course,  supply  by  rail,  and  the  French  rail- 
ways are  organized  to  that  end.  Motor  transport  has  been 
called  upon,  and  is  also  organized.  Broadly  speaking,  the 
national  territory  is  divided  into  two  so-called  zones,  one  called 
the  zone  des  armees  (army  zone),  under  the  orders  of  the  supreme 
military  command,  and  the  zone  de  l'interieur  (interior  zone), 
under  the  authority  of  the  minister  of  war,  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  all  matters  relating  to  the  continuity  of  supply  between 
the  troops  and  the  national  territory  itself.  Special  corps  are 
responsible  for  the  many  needs  of  the  army,  e.g.,  the  intendance, 
corresponding  more  or  less  closely  to  our  quartermaster  corps, 
the  service  de  sante,  to  our  medical  corps.  Finally  there  is  the 
staff,  the  etat-major  de  l'armee,  or  general  staff,  and  of  course 
all  the  units  from  the  general  command  down  through  groups 
or  armies,  army  corps,  divisions,  etc.,  have  their  own  staffs. 


CHAPTER   II 
OFFICERS 

Officers  (Officiers)  Non-commissioned  Officers  (Sous- 
Officiers)  ;  Insignia  of  Rank  (Insignes  de  Grade) 

As  in  all  other  armies  French  officers  fall  into  three  classes : 

1.  General  officers,      officiers  generaux, 

2.  Field  officers,  officiers  superieurs, 

3.  Company  officers,  officiers  subalternes. 


92  WAR   FRENCH 

1.  General  officers  are 

(a)  General  de  brigade  (major  general), 

(b)  General  de  division  (lieutenant  general)   (that  is,  bri- 

gade commander,  division  commander). 

These  are  the  only  existing  grades.  Normally  a  brigade  is 
commanded  by  a  general  de  brigade ;  a  division  or  a  corps,  by  a 
general  de  division. 

Our  grade  of  brigadier  general  has  no  corresponding  rank  or 
grade  in  the  French  army.  Hence  our  brigadier  generals,  al- 
though commanding  brigades,  are  inferior  in  rank  to  French 
brigade  commanders.  And  similarly  of  the  division  :  an  Ameri- 
can major  general,  although  commanding  a  division,  is  junior 
to  a  French  division  commander.  The  same  difficulty  existed 
in  our  navy  as  long  as  the  grade  of  commodore  (brigadier  gen- 
eral) was  retained. 

The  marshalcy  (marechalat)  is  not  a  grade ;  it  is  a  dignity : 
un  marechal  de  France,  a  marshal  of  France. 

All  the  marshals  and  general  officers  of  the  French  army 
constitute  what  is  technically  and  officially  called  the  etat-major 
general  de  l'armee.  Now  etat-major  means  staff,  and  etat- 
major  general,  of  course,  means  general  staff,  so  there  is  a  popular 
confusion  about  these  terms.     The  following  is  correct : 

(a)  Etat-major  general  de  l'armee,  all  the  general  officers 
of  the  army. 

(b)  Etat-major  d'armee,  de  l'armee,  or  grand  etat-major, 
general  staff. 

(c)  (In  popular  language  only)  Etat-major  general,  general 
staff.     But 

(d)  A  Frenchman  speaking  of  the  general  staff  of  some  army 
not  his  own  would  call  it,  and  properly,  etat-major  general. 

2.  Field  officers  —  officiers  superieurs. 

The  grades  are : 

colonel  colonel 

lieutenant  colonel       lieutenant  colonel 

major  chef  de  bataillon   (lit.,  chief  of  bat- 

talion), infantry,  engineers;  chef 
d'escadron  (lit.,  chief  of  squadron), 
artillery;  chef  d'escadrons  (lit., 
chief  of  squadrons),  cavalry. 


OFFICERS  93 

These  titles  (for  major)  do  not  lend  themselves  to  ready  use : 
instead  the  term  commandant  is  used.  Thus  an  inferior  ad- 
dressing a  major,  either  orally  or  in  writing,  would  say,  mon 
commandant.  Recollect  that  the  commanding  officer  of  a 
garrison,  fort,  etc.,  no  matter  what  his  rank,  is  known  as  the 
commandant  d'armes.  The  word  major  exists  in  the  French 
military  vocabulary,  but  it  does  not  mean  the  same  as  our  major. 
However,  the  French  in  speaking  or  writing  to  a  foreign  major, 
will  call  him  major  just  as  we  do. 

In  each  French  regiment,  the  field  officer  detailed  to  take  charge 
of  the  regimental  administration  is  called  major.  This  is  not 
a  grade  but  a  function.  In  garrisons,  the  major  de  la  garrison 
is  the  administrative  officer  of  the  garrison.  In  sieges,  the 
major  des  attaques  is  a  field  officer  of  engineers  who  serves  as 
intermediary  between  the  regiments  furnishing  working  parties 
and  the  engineer  service  proper. 

Major  general  is  the  title  given  in  war  to  the  chief  of  the  general 
staff  of  the  armies.  This  title  has  no  connection  whatever  with 
our  major  general.  Frequently  the  French  will  transpose  our 
title  (major  general)  and  write  it  general-major,  ranking  with 
the  French  general  de  brigade. 

Finally  major  is  also  a  grade  in  the  French  medical  corps  (ma- 
jor and  captain)  as  is  aide-major,  in  the  same  corps  (lieutenants) 
(For  adjudant-major,  see  below.) 

3.  Company  officers  —  officiers  subalternes. 

These  are 

captain  capitaine 

1st  lieutenant  lieutenant 

2d  lieutenant  sous-lieutenant 

4.  Non-commissioned  officers  —  sous-officiers. 

The  grades  are 

adjudant  (no  equivalent  in  English) 

sergent-major  (foot  troops)  company     quartermaster    ser- 
geant 

sergent     (foot    troops    except  sergeant 

foot  artillery) 

marechal   des   logis    (mounted  sergeant 

troops  and  foot  artillery) 


94  WAR   FRENCH 

There  are  two  classes  of  adjudant,  adjudant  de  bataillon 
(battalion  sergeant-major,  nearly ;  battalion  adjudant)  and 
adjudant  de  eompagnie  (1st  sergeant,  nearly,  company  adju- 
dant). The  adjudant  is  the  ranking  non-commissioned  officer 
of  the  company  or  battalion.  His  uniform  is  almost  identical 
with  that  of  officers.  The  duties  of  an  adjudant  are  important : 
he  directly  assists  the  commanding  officer,  whether  of  a  com- 
pany or  a  battalion,  in  both  garrison  and  field  service.  You 
must  be  careful  not  to  confound  adjudant  with  our  adjutant. 
Recollect  that  the  adjudant  is  a  non-commissioned  officer.  The 
adjudant-major  or  capitaine  adjudant-major,  however,  is  an 
officer,  and  most  nearly  corresponds  to  our  adjutant  in  duties 
and  functions. 

The  sergent-major  (who  is  not  the  same  functionary  as  our 
sergeant-major)  assists  the  captain  in  money  and  property 
administration  and  in  accountability.  He  is  himself  assisted 
by  the  sergent-fourrier,  or  caporal-fourrier,  who  keeps  records, 
superintends  issues,  etc.  In  the  cavalry,  and  artillery,  this 
fourrier  is  known  as  the  marechal  des  logis  fourrier  (brigadier- 
fourrier),  because  as  you  have  doubtless  noticed  above,  outside 
the  infantry,  the  sergent  is  called  marechal  des  logis. 

5.  In  the  French  army,  corporals  do  not  rank  as  non-com- 
missioned officers.  In  foot  troops  he  is  called  caporal,  in  all 
the  others  (including  foot  artillery)  he  is  called  brigadier. 

Uniforms  and  Insignia  of  Rank 

French  troops,  both  officers  and  men  of  all  arms,  wear  the  so- 
called  bleu  d'horizon,  horizon  blue.  The  important  thing  for 
you  will  be  to  recognize  the  insignia  of  rank  on  this  uniform. 
These  are : 

marshal  seven  silver  stars  on  each  sleeve  near  the 

cuff 

general  de  division     three  silver  stars  on  each  sleeve  near  the 

cuff 

general  de  brigade     two  silver  stars  on  each  sleeve  near  the 

cuff 

colonel  five  short  strips  of  lace  on  each  sleeve 

near  the  cuffs,  either  silver  or  gold 

lieut.  colonel  five  strips  like  the  colonel's,  but  alter- 

nately gold  and  silver 


OFFICERS  95 

commandant  four  strips,  silver  or  gold 

eapitaine  three  strips,  silver  or  gold 

lieutenant  two  strips,  silver  or  gold 

sous-lieutenant  one  strip,  silver  or  gold 

In  addition,  these  insignia  are  worn  on  the  front  of  the  kepi. 
A  tiny  chevron  on  the  upper  right  arm  indicates  that  its  wearer 
has  been  wounded.  Similar  chevrons  on  the  upper  left  arm  are 
for  length  of  service.  Every  member  of  a  regiment  that  has 
been  thrice  mentioned  in  orders  to  the  army  at  large  wears  an 
aiguillette  (fourragere). 

The  normal  peace  uniform  of  course  is  different.  Very  gen- 
erally, the  infantry  wear  blue  coats  and  red  trousers,  the  artil- 
lery and  engineers  all  dark  blue ;  the  chasseurs,  dark  blue,  the 
cavalry,  various  blues,  according  to  the  kind  of  cavalry,  which 
it  would  take  too  long  to  describe  here.  The  facings  (parements) 
vary,  and  will  have  to  be  learned  by  observation.  In  full  dress, 
officers  wear  epaulets  as  follows  : 

sous-lieutenant     epaulet    on    right    shoulder,    and    shoulder 

knot  (contre-epaulette)  on  left 
lieutenant  epaulet  on  left  shoulder,  and  shoulder  knot 

on  right 
eapitaine  two  epaulets,  small  fringe 

commandant         epaulet  (large  fringe)  on  left  shoulder,  knot 

on  right  shoulder ; 
lieut.  colonel         two  epaulets  (large  fringe)   part  silver,  part 

gold 
colonel  two  epaulets  (large  fringe) 

General  officers  wear  the  same  epaulets  as  colonels,  but 
always  of  gold  lace,  on  top  of  which  are  embroidered  the  stars 
of  their  grade.  Adjudants  wear  the  same  epaulets  and  in  the 
same  way  as  the  sous-lieutenants,  with  the  single  exception  that 
a  stripe  of  red  silk  runs  down  the  middle  of  the  body  of  the 
epaulet  and  of  the  shoulder  knot.  Lieutenants  wear  single, 
captains  double,  field  officers  and  generals,  triple  braids  on  their 
forage  caps. 

Corporals  and  non-commissioned  officers  wear  stripes  (galons) ; 
those  of  corporals  are  of  wool,  those  of  non-commissioned  officers 
of  gold  or  silver.     They  are  worn  on  the  arm  below  the  elbow. 


96 


WAR   FRENCH 


How  to  Address  an  Officer 

In  addressing  an  officer,  all  enlisted  men,  and  all  officers  junior 
to  the  one  addressed,  must  preface  the  title  of  the  grade  by  the 
possessive  adjective  mon  (my).  Thus  a  lieutenant  wishing  to 
speak  to  a  major  will  say  "mon  commandant";  a  colonel  to  a 
general  "mon  general."  The  general,  speaking  to  a  colonel, 
will  simply  say  "colonel."  Correspondence  follows  the  same 
rule.  The  form  of  official  correspondence  is  similar  to  ours, 
thus : 


Le  General  de  Division 


a 


From      the      Division     Com- 
mander 
To 


But  whereas  we  put  the  subject  matter  of  the  letter  directly 
under  the  name  of  the  person  addressed,  in  French  official  corre- 
spondence it  heads  the  margin  on  the  left. 


CHAPTER   III 

VOCABULARIES   AND   CONVERSATIONS 

(1)    Infantry.     L'Infanterie 


le  fantassin 

le  fusil 

la  baionnette 

le  fourreau 

la  cartouche 

etui,  m. 

la  poudre 

la  cartouchiere 

l'arme,  f.,  a  magasin 

le  ceinturon 

le  kepi 


la  capote 


infantryman 

rifle 

bayonet 

scabbard 

cartridge 

cartridge  case 

powder 

cartridge  box 

magazine  gun 

belt 

forage  cap    (i.e.,   the  French . 

our  forage  cap  is  casquette 

plate) 
overcoat 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


97 


la  tunique 

la  guetre 

les  guStres  molletieres 

les  brodequins 

la  grenade 

la  grenade  a  main 

la  grenade  a  fusil 

le  grenadier 

le  mortier  de  tranchee 

l'artillerie,  f.,  de  tranchee 

l'abri,  m. 

l'eseouade,  f. 

la  section 

le  peloton 

la  compagnie 

le  bataillon 

le  regiment 

le  guidon 

la  hausse 

la  detente 

la  crosse 

lefeu 

"  On  peut  dire,  sans  crainte, 
que  l'infanterie  depuis  la 
guerre  a  change  de  carac- 
tere." 

"Que  voulez-vous  dire?  Elle 
a  toujours  le  fusil  et  la 
bai'onnette,  n'est-ee  pas?" 

"Sans  doute,  mais  elle  y  a 
ajoute  quelque  chose 
d'autre ;  la  grenade,  et  les 
engins  de  tranchee.  Les 
tranchees  de  nos  jours  sont 
si  profondes  que  l'ennemi 
n'est  plus  visible.  On  au- 
rait  tort  de  dire  que  le  fusil, 
par  consequence,  est  devenu 
inutile.  II  servira  encore 
une  fois,  dans  la  guerre  de 
mouvement,    si   jamais   elle 


tunic 

gaiter 

leggings 

shoes 

grenade 

hand  grenade 

rifle  grenade 

bomb  thrower,  grenadier 

trench  mortar 

trench  artillery 

shelter,  cover,  dug-out 

squad 

section 

platoon 

company 

battalion 

regiment 

front  sight 

rear  sight ;  also,  elevation 

trigger 

butt 

fire 

"  We  may  assert,  without  fear, 
that  the  infantry,  since  the 
war,  has  changed  character." 

"What  do  you  mean?  It  still 
has  the  rifle  and  the  bayonet, 
hasn't  it?" 

"Of  course,  but  it  has  added 
something  else  to  them,  the 
grenade  and  trench  gear. 
Trenches  to-day  are  so  deep, 
that  the  enemy  is  no  longer 
visible.  It  would  be  wrong 
to  say  that  the  rifle  has  in 
consequence  become  useless. 
It  will  still  be  useful  in 
open  warfare,  if  ever  it 
begins  again,  but  for  the 
daily  work  of  the  trenches, 


98 


WAR   FRENCH 


reprend,  mais  pour  le  ser- 
vice journalier  de  tranchee, 
la  grenade  et  le  fusil-mitrail- 
leur  Font  deplace.  La  gre- 
nade, vous  devez  le  com- 
prendre,  peut  se  lancer  par- 
dessus  la  masse  de  terre 
qui  couvre  l'ennemi,  et  tom- 
ber  au  fond  de  la  tranchee. 
Si  l'ennerni  quitte  ses  abris 
pour  attaquer,  un  seul  fusil 
mitrailleur  le  fauche  mieux 
que  ne  le  ferait  une  cin- 
quantaine  de  fusils.  Dans 
le  corps  a  corps  des  re- 
tours  offensifs,  ou  bien  d'une 
attaque  en  regie,  la  baion- 
nette  est  plus  utile ;  n'oubliez 
pas  ee  qu'en  a  dit  le  general 
russe  Souvaroff:  'La  balle 
est  folle,  mais  la  ba'ionnette 
est  sage.'  II  n'est  pas  im- 
possible que  nous  voyions, 
un  de  ces  jours,  l'infanterie 
entiere  armee  du  fusil-mi- 
trailleur." 


the  grenade  and  the  auto- 
matic rifle  have  displaced 
it.  The  grenade,  as  you 
know,  can  be  thrown  over 
the  mass  of  earth  that  covers 
the  enemy,  and  fall  in  the 
bottom  of  the  trench.  If 
the  enemy  leaves  his  shelter 
in  order  to  attack,  one  single 
automatic  rifle  mows  him 
down  better  than  fifty  rifles. 
In  the  hand-to-hand  fighting 
of  offensive  returns,  or  even 
of  a  formal  attack,  the  bay- 
onet is  more  useful.  Don't 
forget  what  the  Russian 
general  Suwaroff  said,  'The 
bullet  is  a  jade,  but  the  bay- 
onet is  wise.'  It  is  not 
impossible  that  we  shall 
see,  one  of  these  days,  the 
entire  infantry  armed  with 
the  automatic  rifle." 


(2)    Cavalry.     La  Cavalerie 


le  cheval 

le  cheval  d'armes 

la  selle 

la  bride 

le  mors 

l'etrier,  m. 

le  sabre 

la  carabine 

le  revolver 

le  cavalier 

l'escadron 

le  fourrage 

1' exploration,  f. 


horse 

troop  horse 

saddle 

bridle 

bit 

stirrup 

saber 

carbine 

revolver 

trooper 

troop 

fodder 

exploration 


VOCABULARIES   AND    CONVERSATIONS 


99 


le  dolman 

le  casque 

i'avant-garde,  f. 

1' airier  e-garde 

les  cuirassiers,  m. 

les  dragons,  m. 

les  hussards,  m. 

la  cavalerie  legere 

la  legere 

le  galop 

le  trot 

marcher  au  pas  (trot,  galop) 

garder 
le  flanc 
le  front 
l'arriere,  m. 

"Est-il  vrai  que  la  cavalerie 
a  disparu  du  champ  de 
bataille?" 

"II  faut  distinguer  un  peu. 
Qu'est-ce,  de  nos  jours, 
qu'un  champ  de  bataille? 
Naturellement  la  cavalerie 
n'a  rien  a  f  aire  dans  la  guerre 
de  tranchee,  et  c'est  pour- 
quoi  tant  de  cavaliers  ont 
demande  a  etre  verses  a 
l'infanterie.  Mais  si  jamais 
on  arrive  a  ouvrir  une 
breche  assez  large  dans  les 
lignes  ennemies,  vous  verrez 
se  lancer  la  cavalerie  par 
grosses  unites,  pour  exploiter 
le  succes  obtenu." 

"Eh  bien,  pour  moi,  je  dis 
que  ce  jour  n'arrivera 
jamais." 

"Ah!  vous  etes  prophete, 
vous?" 

"  Non,    ni    fils    de    prophete. 


cavalry  jacket 

helmet 

advance  guard 

rear  guard 

cuirassiers 

dragoons 

hussars 

light  cavalry 

light  cavalry 

gallop 

trot 

to    march    at    a    walk    (trot, 

gallop) 
to  guard 
flank 
front 
rear 

"Is  it  true  that  cavalry  has 
disappeared  from  the  field 
of  battle?" 

"  Let  us  distinguish  a  little. 
What  is  the  battlefield  to- 
day ?  Naturally,  cavalry 
has  nothing  to  do  in  trench 
warfare,  and  that  is  why  so 
many  cavalrymen  have 
asked  to  be  transferred  to 
the  infantry.  But  if  ever  we 
succeed  in  opening  a  suffi- 
ciently wide  breach  in  the 
enemy  lines,  you  will  see  the 
cavalry  thrown  forward  in 
large  bodies,  to  drive  home 
the  success." 

"Well,  as  far  as  I  am  con- 
cerned, I  say  that  that  day 
will  never  come." 

"Ah,  you  are  a  prophet,  you ? " 

"No,  nor  the  son  of  a  prophet. 


100 


WAR   FRENCH 


Mais  je  suis  d'avis  que  la 
question  n'est  pas  tant 
d'ouvrir  une  breche  en  lar- 
geur,  que  de  faire  un  trou 
en  profondeur.  Or,  l'en- 
nemi  n'abandonne  ses  tran- 
chees  de  devant  que  pour 
en  occuper  d'autres  en  ar- 
riere  preparees  d'avance.  Le 
moyen  done,  d'ouvrir  mon 
trou?" 
"Tres  bien,  mais  si  on  arrivait 
a  deborder  l'ennemi  quelque 
part,  a,  se  placer  a  cheval 
sur  ses  lignes  de  communi- 
cation, il  aurait  a  battre  en 
retraite  n'est-ce  pas?  Une 
armee  en  retraite  peut  ne 
pas  toujours  §tre  a  meme 
de  choisir ;  l'occasion  peut 
se  presenter  de  la  couper, 
et  puis  de  la  culbuter." 
"  Vous  croyez  ca  possible? " 
"Possible,  oui;  probable,  non. 
Mais,  qui  sait  ?  Les  grandes 
armes  ne  disparaissent  pas 
oomme  ca,  comme  une  bouf- 
f6e  de  fumee." 


But  I  believe  that  the  ques- 
tion is  not  so  much  to  open 
a  wide  breach,  as  it  is  to 
make  a  deep  hole.  Now, 
the  enemy  abandons  his 
front  trenches  only  to  occupy 
others  in  rear,  prepared  in 
advance.  How  then,  is  my 
hole  ever  to  be  opened?" 


"Very  well;  but  suppose  we 
turn  the  enemy  somewhere, 
place  ourselves  across  his 
lines  of  communication,  he 
will  have  to  beat  a  retreat, 
won't  he?  An  army  in 
retreat  may  not  always  be 
in  a  position  to  choose ;  the 
opportunity  may  offer  to 
cut  it  off,  and  then  to  over- 
whelm it." 
"You  think  that  possible?" 
"Possible,  yes;  probable,  no. 
But  who  knows  ?  The  great 
arms  of  the  service  do  not 
disappear  just  so,  like  a 
puff  of  smoke." 


(3)   Artillery. 

L'Artillerie 

Le  canon 
l'affut,  m. 
l'avant-train,  m 

gun 

carriage 

limber 

le  caisson 
I'obus,  m. 
I'obus  explosif 
I'obus  a  balles 
la  gargousse 
la  fusee 
la  fusee  fusante 

caisson 

shell 

high  explosive  shell 

shrapnel 

cartridge 

fuse 

time  fuse 

VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


101 


ia  fusee  percutante 

percussion  fuse 

la  erosse 

trail 

la  beche  de  erosse 

trail  spade 

la  culasse 

the  breech 

la  vis  de  culasse 

breech  screw 

le  cordon  tire-feu 

lanyard 

la  batterie 

battery 

la  section 

section  (2  guns; 

l'attelage,  m. 

team 

le  conducteur 

driver 

le  canonnier 

cannoneer,  artilleryman 

la  ligne  de  mire 

line  of  sight 

la  fleche 

split  trail  half 

l'artillerie  lourde 

heavy  artillery  (large  calibers) 

l'artillerie  longue 

long  guns  (long-range  guns) 

l'artillerie  courte 

short  guns  (howitzers) 

le  tir 

fire,  practice 

le  tir  rapide 

rapid  fire 

le  recul 

recoil 

le  tir  courbe 

curved  fire 

le  barrage 

curtain 

le  tir  de  barrage 

curtain  fire 

le  volant  de  pointage 

elevating  hand  wheel 

"Je  suis  au  desespoir.  Com- 
ment vous  expliquer  en  deux 
ou  trois  mots  le  role  de 
l'artillerie  de  nos  jours?" 

"Evidemment,  ce  serait  trop ; 
j'ai  eu  tort  de  vous  le  de- 
mander.  Mais  l'artillerie 
sert  a  detruire  les  reseaux 
de  fil  de  fer  barbele  et  a 
etablir  des  barrages,  n'est-ce 
pas?" 

"Oui;  hors  les  tirs  speciaux 
dont  nous  ne  parlerons  pas 
ici,  elle  sert,  non  pas  a  de- 
truire les  reseaux  de  fil  de 
fer,  ce  qui  serait  impos- 
sible, mais  a  y  frayer  un 
chemin  pour  l'infanterie  d'as- 


"I  am  in  despair.  How  can 
I  explain  to  you  in  two  or 
three  words  the  role  of  the 
artillery  of  our  day?" 

"Evidently,  that  would  be  too 
much.  I  was  wrong  to 
ask  it  of  you.  But  the 
artillery  is  used  to  destroy 
the  barbed  wire  entangle- 
ments and  to  produce  cur- 
tain fire,  is  it  not?" 

"Yes;  apart  from  special 
kinds  of  fire,  of  which  we 
shall  not  speak  here,  it  is 
used,  not  to  destroy  the 
entanglements,  which  would 
be  impossible,  but  to  open 
a    way    through    them    for 


102 


WAR   FRENCH 


saut.  Pour  cela,  on  em- 
ploie  les  obus  explosifs,  et 
ce  tir  forme  une  partie  de 
la  preparation  de  l'attaque. 
Les  vagues  d'infanterie  une 
fois  hors  de  leurs  tranehees, 
on  les  fait  preceder  par  une 
pluie  de  projectiles,  ce  qui 
constitue  le  barrage  offensif . 
On  dit  couramment  que  l'in- 
fanterie  marche  dans  le 
feu  de  son  artillerie.  Les 
tranehees  ennemies  oecupees, 
on  les  retourne,  e'est  a  dire, 
on  les  organise  contre  leurs 
anciens  defenseurs.  Bien 
entendu,  le  barrage  continue 
pendant  cette  operation. 
Le  barrage  defensif  a  pour 
but  d'empecher  l'ennemi 
d'avancer.  Cet  apercu  est 
bien  sommaire,  j'en  con- 
viens;  il  ne  vous  donne 
aucune  idee  du  travail  neces- 
saire  pour  bien  conduire  ces 
sortesde  feu." 


"Quelles  sont  les  pieces  dont 
on  se  sert  pour  detruire  les 
reseaux?" 

"  Aux  abords  de  notre  position, 
du  75  mm. ;  au-dela  de  2000 
m.  des  pieces  d'un  calibre 
plus  fort." 


the  assaulting  infantry.  For 
this  purpose  high  explosive 
shell  are  used,  and  this  sort 
of  fire  forms  part  of  the 
preparation  of  the  attack. 
The  waves  of  infantry  once 
out  of  their  trenches  are 
preceded  (lit.,  one  causes 
them  to  be  preceded)  by  a 
rain  of  projectiles,  which 
constitutes  the  offensive  bar- 
rage. We  say  currently  that 
the  infantry  marches  with 
the  fire  of  its  artillery.  The 
enemy  trenches  occupied, 
they  are  turned,  that  is  to 
say,  they  are  organized 
against  their  former  de- 
fenders. Of  course,  the 
barrage  continues  during 
this  operation.  The  de- 
fensive barrage  has  for 
its  purpose  to  keep  the 
enemy  from  advancing. 
This  sketch  is  very  brief, 
I  admit;  it  gives  you  no 
idea  of  the  work  necessary 
to  carry  on  these  kinds  of 
fire  properly." 
"What  pieces  are  used  to 
destroy  the  entanglements?" 

"In  the  neighborhood  of  our 
position,  the  75  mm.,  be- 
yond 2000  m.,  pieces  of 
heavier  caliber." 


la  tranchee 
la  par  allele 


(4)    Engineers.     Le  Genie 


trench 

parallel  (same  as  trench) 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


103 


le  boyau 


le  centre  de  resistance 

le  centre  d'appui 

la  pelle 

le  pic 

la  hache 

la  scie 

la  marteau 

le  pare 

le  pont 

le  pont  de  bateaux 

le  pont  de  pontons 

le  pont  de  chevalets 

jeter  un  pont  sur  une  riviere 

le  ponton 

le  radeau 

replier  un  pont 

le  fort 

la  f orteresse 

la  redoute 

la  demolition 

le  petard 

l'abri,  m. 

"C'est  le  genie,  n'est-ce  pas, 
qui  execute  tous  ces  travaux 
de  campagne?" 

"Pas  si  vite,  mon  cher !  Le 
genie,  si  devoue  qu'il  soit, 
ne  saurait,  a  lui  seul,  creu- 
ser  ce  dedale  de  tranchees 
et  de  boyaux  qui  constitue 
aujourd'hui  le  champ  de 
bataille  et  ses  approches." 

"Mais  tout  ca,  c'est  de  la 
fortification,  et  la  fortifica- 
tion est  du  ressort  du  genie." 


communication  trench  (It 
would  be  wise  to  adopt  the 
word  and  say  boyau,  in  order 
to  distinguish  it  from  trench. ) 

center  of  resistance  (strong 
position  in  a  line  or  position) 

supporting  point 

spade 

pick 

ax 

saw 

hammer 

park  (depot  of  engineer  equip- 
ment) 

bridge 

bridge  of  boats 

pontoon  bridge 

trestle  bridge 

to  bridge  a  stream 

pontoon 

raft 

to  take  up,  dismantle,  a  bridge 

fort 

fortress 

redoubt 

demolition 

demolition  cartridge 

shelter,  dugout 

"It  is  the  engineers,,  is  it  not 
who  do  all  this  field  work?" 

"Not  so  fast,  my  dear  fel- 
low !  The  engineers,  de- 
voted as  they  are,  alone 
could  not  dig  this  maze  of 
trenches  and  boyaux  that 
to-day  constitute  the  field 
of  battle  and  its  approaches." 

"But  all  this  is  fortification, 
and  fortification  is  the  en- 
gineer's job." 


104 


WAR   FRENCH 


"Vous  vous  rappelez  ce  que 
je  vous  ai  dit  au  sujet  de 
l'infanterie  ?  Bien,  l'infan- 
terie,  elle  aussi,  execute  des 
travaux  de  campagne.  On 
distingue  la  fortification  de 
campagne  legere  de  la  forti- 
fication de  campagne  ren- 
forcee.  II  appartient  a  l'in- 
fanterie d'executer  la  pre- 
miere, sous  la  direction  du 
genie,  tandis  que  la  seconde 
c'est  l'affaire  du  seul  genie. 
Et  maintenant  a  mon  tour : 
savez-vous  ce  que  c'est  qu' 
une  tranchee?  qu'unboyau? 
qu'une  sape?" 

"Mais,  tout  ca  ce  n'est  rien 
que  des  ouvertures  prati- 
quees  dans  le  sol." 

"C'est  vrai :  mais  la  tranchee 
est  parallele  au  front ;  on 
l'appelle  aussi  parallele,  et 
c'est  meme  l'expression  con- 
sacree.  Le  boyau,  au  con- 
traire,  est  perpendiculaire  au 
front,  et  sert  de  communi- 
cation. On  se  bat  dans 
les  tranchees,  ce  qui  n'em- 
peche  pas  qu'on  ne  le  fasse 
aussi,  dans  les  boyaux,  si 
l'ennemi  reussit  a  y  penetrer. 
La  sape  part  des  tranchees 
les  plus  avancees,  et  fournit 
une  appiwhe  plus  ou  moins 
abritee,  de  la  position  en- 
nemie.  II  ne  faut  pas  ou- 
blier,  non  plus,  qu'a  un  autre 
point  de  vue,  la  sape  et  la 
tranchee  sont  strictement 
des  procedes,  des  manieres 
de      creuser      le      sol.     La 


"Do  you  recollect  what  I 
told  you  about  the  infantry  ? 
Well,  the  infantry,  too,  does 
field  work.  We  distinguish 
fight  field  fortification  from 
reenforced  field  fortification. 
It  is  the  business  of  the 
infantry  to  do  the  first, 
under  the  direction  of  the 
engineers,  while  the  second 
is  the  affair  of  the  engineers 
only.  And  now  it  is  my 
turn ;  do  you  know  what 
a  trench  is?  a  boyau?  a 
sap?" 


"Why,  all  that  is  nothing 
but  openings  made  in  the 
ground.  ..." 

"True:  but  the  trench  is 
parallel  to  the  front,  it  is 
frequently  called  parallel, 
which  is  indeed  the  regu- 
lar term.  The  boyau,  on 
the  contrary,  is  perpen- 
dicular to  the  front  and 
serves  for  communication. 
One  fights  in  the  trenches, 
which  does  not  prevent  its 
being  done  also  in  the 
boyaux,  if  the  enemy  suc- 
ceeds in  penetrating  into 
them.  The  sap  breaks  out 
from  the  most  advanced 
trenches,  and  furnishes  an 
approach,  more  or  less  shel- 
tered, to  the  enemy  position, 
It  must  not  be  forgotten, 
either,  that  in  another  point 
of  view  the  sap  and  the 
trench  are  strictly  methods 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


105 


tranchee  par  exemple  peut 
s'ouvrir  simultanement  sur 
tout  son  parcours ;  la  sape 
au  contraire  se  creuse  par 
le  bout." 


of  digging  the  ground.  The 
trench,  for  example,  may 
be  opened  simultaneously, 
along  its  entire  length ;  the 
sap,  on  the  contrary,  is  dug 
at  one  end." 


(5)   Medical  Department.     Le  Service  de  Sante 


le  medecin 

le  medecin-major 

le  medecin  principal 

le  medecin-chef 

rinnrmier 

infirmiere 

la  frangine  (mil.  slang) 

blesse,  a. 

le  grand  blesse 

la  blessure 

la  pansement 

le  paquet 

le  paquet  de  pansement 

panser 

l'hopital,  m. 

l'evacuation,  f. 

evacuer 

l'ambulance,  f. 

le  brancard 

le  brancardier 

amputer 

ampute  du  bras  droit 

le  refuge  des  blesses 

le  poste  de  secours 

le  train  sanitaire 

soigner  les  blesses 

la  bande 

bander,  v.  t. 

"Meme  durant  le  combat,  et 
sur  le  champ  de  bataille  lui- 


doctor,  surgeon 
major  and  surgeon 
colonel  and  surgeon 
chief  surgeon 
nurse  (male) 
nurse  (female) 

sister  (both  religious  and  nat- 
ural) 
wounded 

severely  wounded  man 
wound 
dressing 
package,  parcel 
first-aid  dressing 
to  dress  a  wound 
hospital 

evacuation  (of  wounded) 
to  evacuate  (the  wounded) 
field  hospital 
stretcher 
stretcher  bearer 
to  amputate 

with  right  arm  amputated 
first-aid  station 
dressing  station 
hospital  train 
to  nurse  the  wounded 
bandage 
to  bandage 

"Even  during  combat,  and  on 
the    battlefield    itself,    first 


106 


WAR   FRENCH 


meme,  on  donne  les  premiers 
traitements  aux  blesses. 
Vous  ne  serez  pas  etonne, 
par  consequent,  d'apprendre 
que  le  service  de  sante  a  plus 
de  pertes  a  son  compte, 
qu'aucun  autre  corps.  Du 
champ  de  bataille  les  blesses 
passent  aux  ambulances,  ou 
on  les  trie  des  leur  arrivee 
selon  le  cas  :  pauses,  a  panser, 
a  operer.  Puis  on  les  divise 
en  trois  categories :  1°  ceux 
qui  peuvent  marcher,  qu'on 
rassemble  hors  de  l'ambu- 
lance  et  qu'on  dirige  en  de- 
tachements  vers  le  point 
designe  par  le  commande- 
ment;  2°  les  transportables, 
assis  ou  couches,  qu'on  eva- 
cue  par  convois ;  3°  les 
intransportables,  qu'on 

traite  dans  une  ambulance 
immobilisee  du  champ  de 
bataille.  L'evacuation  se 
fait  aussi  rapidement  que 
possible  par  tous  les  moy- 
ens,  en  commencant  par  les 
moins  atteints.  Les  intrans- 
portables restent  avec  une 
partie  du  personnel  sous  la 
protection  de  la  convention 
de  Geneve.  Chaque  mede- 
cin  peut  faire,  en  moyenne, 
six  pansements  a  l'heure." 


"Six  mille  blesses,  de  la  sorte, 
exigeraient  pendant  une 
heure  les  soins  de  mille  mede- 
cins." 


treatment  is  given  to  the 
wounded.  You  will  not  be 
astonished,  therefore,  to 
learn  that  the  medical  corps 
has  more  losses  to  its  account 
than  any  other.  From  the 
field  of  battle  the  wounded 
pass  to  the  field  hospitals, 
where,  on  arrival,  they  are 
sorted  out  according  to  the 
nature  of  things :  men  who 
have  been  dressed,  men  to 
be  dressed,  men  to  be  oper- 
ated on.  Then  they  are  di- 
vided into  three  categories : 
1.  Those  who  can  walk,  who 
are  assembled  outside  of 
the  hospital,  and  who  are 
sent  in  detachments  to  the 
point  designated  by  the 
commanding  general ;  2. 
Transportable  cases,  seated 
or  lying  down,  evacuated 
by  trains ;  3.  Untransport- 
able  cases,  who  are  treated 
in  a  field  hospital  remaining 
on  the  battlefield.  The 
evacuation  of  the  wounded  is 
accomplished  as  fast  as  pos- 
sible by  all  possible  means, 
beginning  with  the  least 
severely  wounded.  The  un- 
transportable  remain  with 
a  part  of  the  personnel  under 
the  protection  of  the  Geneva 
Convention.  Each  surgeon 
can,  on  an  average,  do  six 
dressings  an  hour." 
"So  that  6000  wounded  would 
require  during  one  hour 
1000  surgeons." 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


107 


'C'est  ca." 

'En  travaillant  six  heures  de 

suite,   il   nous  faudrait    134 

medecins." 
'Vous  y  etes." 
'Et  comme  nous  n'en  avons 

que     22,     les     blesses     n'en 

souffrent    que    plus." 
'Que   voulez-vous?     C'est   la 

guerre." 


'That  is  right." 

'Working  six  hours  in  suc- 
cession, we  should  need 
134  surgeons." 

'You've  hit  it." 

'And  as  we  have  only  22,  the 
wounded  suffer  only  the 
more." 

'Well,  what  else  do  you  ex- 
pect?    War  is  war." 


(6)    Quartermaster  Corps.     L'Intendance 


l'intendant  general 

l'intendant  militaire 

l'adjoint  a  l'intendance 
l'omcier  d'administration 


la  subsistance 

l'habillement,  m. 

le  harnachement 

la  solde 

les  comptes,  m.  pi. 

le  ravitaillement 

les  vivres 

les  petits  vivres 

la  viande  sur  pied 

la  viande  de  conserve 

les  vivres-viande 

le  transport 

les  ressources  locales,  f. 

la  ration 

la  nourriture  chez  l'habitant 


chief  quartermaster  (assimi- 
lated to  general  de  division  : 
is  the  senior  grade  of  the 
intendance) 

assistant  chief  quartermaster 
(assimilated  to  general  de 
brigade  :  second  grade  of  the 
intendance) 

quartermaster  (rank  of  cap- 
tain :    lowest  grade) 

executive  officer  of  the  inten- 
dance (as  distinguished  from 
the  three  just  named,  who 
are  directors) 

subsistence 

clothing 

harness 

pay 

accounts 

refilling,  supply 

food  supplies 

small  groceries,  small  stuff 

meat  on  the  hoof 

canned  meat 

meat  ration 

transportation 

local  resources 

ration,  allowance  [houses 

subsistence  of  men  in  private 


108 


WAR   FRENCH 


"  Ce  n'est  par  la  peine  d'essayer 
de  vous  expliquer  en  quel- 
ques  mots  les  articulations 
du  service  de  l'intendance. 
Et  si  vous  vous  mettiez  a 
me  poser  des  questions  la- 
dessus,  nous  n'en  finirions 
jamais.  II  suffit  de  savoir 
que  l'intendance  est  chargee 
des  services  des  subsistences, 
de  l'habillement  et  du  campe- 
ment,  du  harnachement  de 
la  cavalerie,  etc.  Ce  n'est 
pas  tout !  il  faut  y  ajouter 
des  fonctions  administratives 
de  la  plus  haute  importance, 
la  solde,  les  comptes,  la 
poste.  ..." 

"Assez!  Assez  !  nous  revien- 
drons  sur  l'intendance  de- 
main,  s'il  vous  plait.  II  fait 
un  temps  si  triste  et  l'ad- 
ministration  n'est  pas  pour 
nous  egayer!" 


"It  is  not  worth  while  to  try 
to  explain  to  you  in  a  few 
words  the  subdivisions  of  the 
quartermaster  service.  And 
if  you  were  to  set  about 
asking  me  questions  on  the 
subject,  we  should  never  get 
through  with  it.  It  is  enough 
to  know  that  the  quartermas- 
ter corps  is  charged  with  sub- 
sistence duty,  with  clothing, 
camping  equipage,  and  cav- 
alry equipment.  Nor  is  that 
all.  We  must  add  adminis- 
trative functions  of  the 
greatest  importance,  pay, 
accounts,  postal  service.  ..." 

"Enough!  Enough!  we'll  re- 
turn to  the  quartermaster 
corps  to-morrow,  if  you 
please.  It  is  so  gloomy 
to-day  and  administrative 
matters  are  not  exactly 
cheerful!"  (lit.,  are  not  to 
cheer  us  up). 


(7)   Aeronautics.     L'Aeronautique 


l'aeroplane,  m. 
l'avion,  m. 
l'avion  de  reglage 
l'avion  de  chasse 
atterrir 

l'atterrissage,  m. 
amerrir 

l'amerrissage,  m. 

l'aile,  f. 

le  monoplan 

le  biplan 

le  biplace 


airplane 

airplane 

fire-observation  plane 

fighting  plane,  combat  plane 

to  land 

landing 

to  alight   (on  the  water,  of  a 

seaplane) 
alighting  (on  water) 
wing 

monoplane 
biplane 
two  seater 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


109 


le  monoplace 

survoler 

le  vol 

le  vol  plane 

piquer 

piquer  du  nez 

la  vrille 

l'envol,  m. 

l'envergure,  f. 

le  fuselage 

fusele 

les  commandes,  f.  pi. 

l'escadrille,  f. 

la  puissance  ascensionnelle 

l'artillerie  anti-aerienne 

le  ballon 

le  ballon  captif 

le  dirigeable 

le  dirigeable  rigide  _ 

le  dirigeable  semi-rigide 

le  dirigeable  souple 

le  camouflage 

camoufler 


'  Voyez-vous  cette  petite  tache 
noire  la-bas?  C'est  un 
avion  ennemi  qui  veut  sur- 
voler nos  lignes.  II  va 
vite,  il  arrive." 

'Quand  meme,  il  ne  verra 
rien  ici,  nous  sommes  trop 
bien  camoufles ;  d'ailleurs 
les  notres  le  prendront  bien- 
tot  a  par  tie." 

'En  voila  deux  qui  montent 
deja.  Mais  l'autre,  il  con- 
tinue tou jours  son  chemin." 

'Non,  il  tourne  un  peu." 

'Mais  c'est  pour  mieux  tirer, 
je  crois." 


single  seater 

to  fly  over 

flight 

volplane,  glide 

to  dive 

to  nose  dive 

spin 

start 

spread  (of  wings) 

fuselage 

stream-lined 

controls 

air  squadron 

lifting  power 

anti-aircraft  artillery 

balloon 

captive  balloon 

dirigible 

rigid  dirigible 

semi-rigid  dirigible 

non-rigid  dirigible 

making-up,  "faking,"  camou- 
flage 

to  fake  (by  paint,  etc.),  to 
make  up 

"Do  you  see  that  little  black 
spot  over  there  ?  That  is  an 
enemy  airplane  which  means 
to  fly  over  our  lines.  He 
goes  fast ;  he  is  coming  up." 

"Even  so,  he  will  see  nothing 
here :  we  are  too  well  dis- 
guised ;  besides,  our  people 
will  soon  take  him  in  hand." 

"There  are  two  of  them  going 

up  already.     But  the  other 

chap  continues  on  his  way." 

"No,  he  is  turning  a  little." 

"But  it    is    to    fire    better,  I 

think." 


110 


WAR   FRENCH 


"Non,  il  tourne  definitive- 
ment ;  notre  canon  s'en 
mele  ;    il  en  a!" 

"Moi,  je  ne  me  sens  pas  le 
courage  de  faire  de  l'avia- 
tion.  Ce  n'est  pas  la  mort, 
c'est  l'idee  de  tomber  de 
la-haut,  dans  le  vide.  Heu- 
reusement  que  tout  le  monde 
ne  pense  pas  comme  moi ! 
Que  deviendrions-nous  sans 
nos  avions?" 

"Ce  qui  m'etonne  le  plus, 
c'est  le  developpement  qu'a 
pris  l'aviation  depuis  la 
guerre.  Au  debut,  si  dix 
aviateurs  partaient  ensem- 
ble, c'etait  quelque  chose  de 
remarquable.  Maintenant 
ils  sortent  par  trente  et 
quarante  et  plus  encore,  et 
personnen'y pense.  C'est un 
service  comme  un  autre,  re- 
glemente,  articule  et  organ- 
ise. Et  penser  qu'on  n'a 
mis  que  trois  ans  a  le  de- 
velopper !  Tandis  qu'a  nous 
autres  artilleurs,  il  nous  a 
fallu  des  centaines  d'annees 
pour  arriver !" 


"No,  he  is  turning  decidedly; 
our  guns  are  taking  a  hand ; 
he  is  getting  it." 

"So  far  as  I  am  concerned, 
I  do  not  feel  that  I  have 
the  courage  to  take  up  avia- 
tion :  it  isn't  death,  it  is  the 
idea  of  falling  from  up 
there  somewhere,  into  space. 
Luckily,  all  don't  think  as  I 
do  !  What  would  become  of 
us  without  our  airplanes?" 

"What  astonishes  me  most  is 
the  development  undergone 
by  aviation  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war.  At  first, 
if  10  aviators  set  out  to- 
gether it  was  something 
remarkable.  Now  they  go 
out  in  30's,  40's,  and  even 
more,  and  no  one  thinks 
anything  of  it.  It  is  a  serv- 
ice like  any  other,  with 
its  regulations,  articulations, 
and  organization.  And  to 
think  that  it  has  taken 
only  three  years  to  develop 
it !  While  with  us  gunners, 
it  has  taken  us  hundreds 
of  years  to  get  where  we 
are  now!" 


(8)    Military  Slang.     L' Argot  Militaire 

[There  is  no  reason  why  you  should  ever  use  any  French 
slang,  but  it  is  well  to  be  able  to  understand  at  least  some  of  it. 
Here  are  a  few  military  words.] 

le  barda  kit 

le  boche  German 

le  cafard  the  blues    (cafard    literally  is 

cockroach) 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


111 


la  cagna 

e  ehandail 

e  colis  a  domicile 

e  crapouillot 
e  cuistot 
'embusque,  m. 
e  flingot 
es  gars 

es  godillots 
a  guitoune 
es  huiles 
a  marmite 
e  pinard 
e  poilu 

e  rabiau,  rabiot 
Rosalie  (proper  name) 
e  tacot 
e  toubib 
e  zouzou 


shelter     (hut,     etc.,     in     the 

trenches) 
sweater 
shell  (allusion  to  parcel  to  be 

delivered) 
trench  mortar 
cook 

slacker,  shirker 
gun,  rifle 
the  "boys"    (pronounced  ga; 

not  really  slang) 
soldier  shoes 
shelter,  tent 

staff  officers  (huile,  f.,  is  oil) 
large  shell  (lit.,  large  kettle) 
common  wine 
French  soldier 
"butt,"  i.e.,  leavings 
the  bayonet 
old  motor  car 
surgeon 
zouave 


(9)  Requests  for  Military  Information 


"Cette  route  passe-t-elle   par 

Compiegne?" 
"  Trouverons-nous  des  villages 

sur  notre  chemin?" 
"Y     a-t-il     d'autres    chemins 

pour  aller  a ?  " 

"Cette  route  est-elle  en  bon 

etat?" 
"Y  a-t-il  des  cotes?   (des  co- 

teaux)?" 
"Sont-ellesraides?" 
"La   route    traverse-t-elle    un 

pays  decouvert  ou  boise?" 
"Peut-on  passer  avec  de  l'ar- 

tillerie?" 
"Peut-on      passer     avec      de 


"Does  this  road  go  through 
Compiegne?" 

"Shall  we  find  any  villages  on 
our  road?" 

"Are  there  any  other  roads 
going  to ?" 

"Is  this  road  in  good  condi- 
tion?" 

"Are  there  hills?" 

"Are  they  steep?" 

"Does    the   road   go    through 

open  or  wooded  country?" 
"Can    we    get    through    with 

artillery?" 
"Can    we    get    through    with 


112 


WAR   FRENCH 


grosses     voitures     automo- 
biles    chargees     (avec     des 

camions)  ?"~ 
"Cette  route  est-elle  pratieable 

pour  l'artillerie  ?  " 
"  L'infanterie  peut-elle  marcher 

sur  les  c6tes  de  la  route?" 
"  Le  terrain  est-il  pratieable?  " 
"  Le     terrain     est-il      mareca- 

geux?  " 
"  Quelle    est     la     nature     du 

sol?" 
"  Est-ce  que  la   ligne  telegra- 

phique    (le   telegraphe)    suit 

cette  route  jusqu'a  X?" 
"  D'ou  vient  votre  chemin  de 

fer?" 
"Ouva-t-il?" 
"  Est-il  a  une  voie  ou  a  deux 

voies  sur  tout  le  parcours?  " 
"  Ou  est  la  gare  ?     Est-elle  loin 

d'ici?" 
"  Comment  peut-on  passer  la 

riviere?  " 
"  Y  a-t-il  un  pont  ?   un  bac  ?  " 
"Y  a-t-il  des  passages  a  gue? 

(des  gues)  ?  " 
"  Peut-on     trouver     des     ba- 
teaux?" 
"  Dans  ce  bois,  y  a-t-il  des  clai- 

rieres,  des  ravins,   des  ruis- 

seaux,  des  mares  ?" 
"  Y    a-t-il    des    endroits    pres 

d'ici  pour  abreuver  les  che- 
vaux?  " 
"  L'eau  est-elle  bonne?" 
"Est-ce  de  l'eau  potable?" 
"  Y  a-t-il  des  abreuvoirs?" 
"  Peut-on  acheter  des  vivres?  " 
"  Pouvez-vous  me  donner  des 

renseignements      sur      l'en- 

nemi?  " 


heavily  loaded  wagons  (auto- 
trucks)?" 

"Is  this  road  practicable  for 

artillery?" 
"  Can   infantry  march  on   the 

sides  of  the  roads?  " 
"Is  the  ground  practicable?" 
"Is  the  ground  marshy?" 

"  What   is   the   nature  of   the 

ground?  " 
"  Does  the  telegraph  line  follow 

this  road  as  far  as  X?" 

"  Where    does    your    railroad 

come  from?  " 
"Where  does  it  go  to?" 
"  Is  it  single  tracked  or  double 

tracked  the  whole  way?  " 
"Where  is  the  station?     Is  it 

far?" 
"  How     can     the      river      be 

crossed?  " 
"  Is  there  a  bridge?  a  ferry?  " 
"Are  there  fords?" 

"Can  we  get  boats?" 

"  In  that  wood,  are  there 
clearings,  ravines,  brooks, 
marshes,  pools?" 

"  Are  there  any  places  near 
here  for  watering  horses?" 

"Is  the  water  good?" 
"  Is  this  water  drinkable?" 
"Are  there  watering-troughs?  " 
"Can  we  buy  provisions?" 
"  Can  you  give  me  any  infor- 
mation about  the  enemy?  " 


VOCABULARIES  AND  CONVERSATIONS 


113 


"  Veuillez  me  trouver  un  guide 

qui  connaisse  le  pays." 
"Nous  allons  suivre  cette  piste." 

"  Ou  est  le  bureau  des  postes  et 

telegraphes?  " 
"  Y    a-t-il     des     lettres    pour 

?" 

"  Je  voudrais  expedier  un  tele- 
gramme." 

"Avez-vous  recu  un  telegramme 
(une  depeche)  pour ?" 


"  Please  find  me  a  guide  who 

knows  the  country.  ' 
"We  are  going  to  follow  this 

trail  (tracks)." 
"Where  is  the  post-office  and 

telegraph-office?  " 
"  Are    there    any    letters    for 

?" 

"  I  should  like  to  send  a  tele- 
gram." 

"  Have  you  received  a  telegram 
for ?" 


PART  III 
PASSAGES  FOR  TRANSLATION   INTO   ENGLISH 


PASSAGES  FOR  TRANSLATION 

[To  translate  well,  you  must  first  accurately  understand  the 
author's  meaning,  and  then  put  it  into  good,  clear  English.  In 
the  general  case,  a  literal  translation  is  no  translation  at  all. 
In  using  a  dictionary,  the  first  meaning  you  come  to  in  a  given 
word  may  not  be  the  one  you  need,  but  it  is  nearly  always  the 
one  used  by  the  lazy  man.  Unless,  as  a  matter  of  style,  you  are 
trying  to  reproduce  the  flavor  of  the  original  text,  your  transla- 
tion itself  should  read  like  an  original  production.] 

General  Joffre's  Order  for  the  Battle   of  the    Marne 
Ordre  du  Jour  de  L'Armee 

Au  moment  oft  s'engage  une  bataille  dont  depend  le  salut J 
du  pays,  il  importe  de  rappeler  a  tous  que  le  moment  n'est  plus2 
de  regarder  en  arriere 3 :  tous  les  efforts  doivent  etre  employes 
a  attaquer  et  a  refouler  l'ennemi.  Une  troupe  qui  ne  pourra 
plus  avancer  devra,  coute  que  coute,4  garder  le  terrain  conquis 
et  se  faire  tuer  plutot  que  de  reculer. 

La  Bataille  de  la  Marne  8 

Arrive  a  Chantilly  dans  les  premiers  jours  de  septembre, 
apres  le  recul  de  l'armee  franco-anglaise,  von  Kluck  hesita  a 

1  salvation. 

2  le  moment  n'est  plus:  the  time  has  passed. 

3  The  Allied  Armies  had  been  retreating  ever  since  the  battles  of 
Mons  and  Charleroi. 

4  coute  que  coute :  at  no  matter  what  cost  (the  full  expression  is  que 
cela  coute  ce  que  cela  coute,  let  it  cost  what  it  may  cost). 

6  From  "Histoire  Resumee  de  la  Guerre."     Paris:    Hachette,  1917. 

117 


118  WAR   FRENCH 

poursuivre  sa  marche  directe  sur  Paris.  II  y  avait,  en  effet, 
imprudence  a  se  heurter  contre  le  camp  retranche  que  le  general 
Gallieni  avait  organise  autour  de  la  ville  et  que  1  defendait  un 
corps  d'excellentes  troupes,  sous  les  ordres  du  general  Maunoury. 
La  tentative  eut 2  ete  perilleuse  au  supreme  degre,  alors  que 
l'ensemble  de  l'armee  francaise  restait,  a  peu  de  distance,  parfai- 
tement  intact  et  nullement  entame.  Un  retour  des  Frangais 
pouvait  aboutir,3  pour  les  Allemands,  au  desastre  le  plus  complet. 
Leur  etat-major  se  resolut  done  a  tacher  de  detruire,  en  premier 
lieu,  ou  de  disloquer  les  armees  du  general  Joffre  et  d'en  rejeter 
au  loin  les  debris,  quitte  a 4  revenir  ensuite  sur  Paris  par  le  Sud 
Le  mouvement  des  Allemands  s'inflechit  vers  l'Est,  s'eloignant 
de  Paris.  Le  changement  de  direction  cornmenca  le  3  septembre. 
Le  4,  les  Allemands  occupaient  la  ligne  de  la  Marne,  Lagny, 
Meaux,  La  Ferte-sous-Jouarre,  Chateau-Thierry,  Epernay.  Le 
5  au  soir,  ils  avaient  encore  avance :  leurs  avant-gardes  depas- 
saient  Coulommiers,  dans  la  direction  de  Provins. 

Mais  ce  mouvement  de  conversion  pretait  le  flanc  aux  troupes 
flu  camp  retranche  de  Paris,  et  une  rupture  5  se  produisit  dans 
la  colonne  d'attaque.  Gallieni  y  lanea  Maunoury  avec  1'armiV 
de  Paris.  C'etait  l'heure  que  le  generalissime  6  attendait,  qu'il 
avait  prevue  et  escomptee.  II  donne  aussitot  le  signal  de  l'arret, 
ordonne  de  faire  face  partout,  et  regie  le  dispositif  de  la  bataille  7 : 
une  immense  bataille,  une  serie  de  batailles  simultanees,  enga- 
geant  deux  millions  d'hommes,  sur  un  front  d'au  moins  300  kilo- 
metres. 

L'attaque  commencee  par  Maunoury  des  le  5  se  continue 
les  jours  suivants.  II  a  sur  les  bras  toute  l'armee  de  von  Kluck 
qui,  voyant  le  danger  dont  il  est  menace,  a  repasse  la  Marne  et 
est  remonte  vers  le  Nord.  Les  soldats  de  Maunoury  se  main- 
tiennent  avec  une  Constance  hero'ique  dans  la  vallee  de  l'Ourcq  8 

1  que  defendait  un  corps:  translate,  "and  which  was  defended  by." 
A  French  relative  clause  can  often  be  most  conveniently  turned  into  an 
English  passive. 

2  eut :    this  is  the  second  form,  so  called,  of  the  conditional. 

3  aboutir   .  .  .  au  disastre :    result  in  a  disaster. 

4  quitte  a:   free  to. 
6  rupture :   gap. 

6  gfeneraHssime  :  the  commanding  general  of  all  the  armies. 

7  regie  le  dispositif  de  la  bataille  :   makes  dispositions  for  the  battle. 

8  Ourcq  :   the  little  river,  along  which  Maunoury's  army  was  disposed. 


PASSAGES   FOR   TRANSLATION  119 

pendant  les  trois  terribles  journees  des  6,  7  et  8  septembre.  lis 
sont  rejoints  alors  par  les  Anglais  du  marechal  French  qui  ont 
repris  Coulommiers  et  ont  enleve  de  vive  force  l  les  passages  du 
Petit-Morin.  En  allant  de  l'Ouest  a  l'Est,  c'est  ensuite  2  Fran- 
chet  d'Esperey  qui,  le  8,  est  a  Montmirail  et  a  Vauchamps; 
puis  Foch  qui  a  devant  lui  la  Garde  prussienne ;  Langle  de  Cary 
qui  est  sur  l'Ornain,  a  la  hauteur  de  Vitry-le-Francois;  Sarrail 
enfin  qui  s'appuie  sur  Verdun.  La  lutte  s'acharne  presque  sur 
place.  Mais,  maintenant,  ce  ne  sont  plus  les  Allemands  qui 
executent  la  manoeuvre  debordante ;  a  leur  tour,  ils  risquent 
d'etre  debordes  et  tournes  a  la  fois  par  notre  aile  gauche  (Mau- 
noury)  et  par  notre  aile  droite  (Sarrail).  Ils  font,  le  9  septembre, 
un  effort  desespere  pour  nous  rompre  par  le  centre,  et  ils  se 
brisent  contre  lui.3  Le  10  au  matin,  ils  se  resignent  a  la  retraite. 
Ce  fut  la  deroute  (journees  du  10  au  12  septembre).  Foch,  par 
un  coup  d'audace,  culbute  la  Garde  dans  les  marais  de  Saint- 
Gond.  Dix  victoires  francaises  s'enchainent 4  les  unes  aux 
autres.  La  ligne  de  la  Marne  est  reconquise,  puis  depassee. 
Compiegne,  Soissons,  Reims,  Chalons  sont  evacues  dans  un  de- 
sordre  de  fuite.  La  poursuite  francaise  ne  s'arrete  qu'au  dela 
de  l'Aisne  ou  les  Allemands  se  retranchent  dans  des  positions 
presque  inexpugnables,  preparees  a  l'avance.  Et  pourtant,  ils 
en  auraient  peut-etre  ete  chasses  sur  l'heure,  si  l'elan  victorieux 
de  nos  troupes  avait  pu  se  maintenir ;  mais  elles  etaient  epuisees 
par  toute  une  semaine  de  combats  sans  repos. 

II  faut  noter  que  ce  meme  jour  du  12  septembre  fut  marque 
l'echee  definitif  des  assauts  que,  depuis  le  22  aout,  sous  les  yeux 
du  kaiser  lui-meme,  les  Allemands  dirigeaient  sans  relache  contre 
le  Grand-Couronne  de  Nancy,5  magistralement 6  defendu  par 
Castelnau. 

La  victoire  de  la  Marne  est  Fun  des  faits  les  plus  memorables 
de  toute  l'histoire.  Elle  a  sauve  la  France  et  le  monde  de  l'hege- 
monie  prussienne. 

1  de  vive  force  :    by  assault. 

2 c'est  ensuite:   literally,  "it  is  next"  ;    translate,  "we  have  first." 

3  lui  :  i.e.,  le  centre,  just  mentioned. 

4  s'enchainent :   interlock. 

6  le  Grand-Couronne :  a  range  of  hills  around  Nancy. 
6  magistralement :    in  masterly  fashion. 


120  WAR    FRENCH 

General  Joffre's  Order  of  Congratulation  to  the  Sixth 

Army 

La  sixieme  armee1  vient  de  soutenir  pendant  cinq  jours  entiers, 
sans  interruption  ni  aecalmie,  la  lutte  contre  un  adversaire 
nombreux  et  dont  le  succes  avait  jusqu'a  present  exalte  le  moral. 
La  lutte  a  ete  dure,  les  pertes  par  le  feu  2  et  les  fatigues  dues  a 
la  privation  de  sommeil  et  parfois  de  nourriture,  ont  depasse 
tout  ce  que  Ton  pouvait  imaginer ;  vous  avez  tout  supporte 
avec  une  vaillanee,  une  fermete  et  une  endurance  que  les  mots 
sont  impuissants  a  glorifier  comme  elles  le  meritent. 

Camarades,  le  general  en  chef  vous  a  demande,  au  nom  de 
la  Patrie,  de  faire  plus  que  votre  devoir ;  vous  avez  repondu  au 
dela  meme  de  ce  qui  paraissait  possible.  Grace  a  vous,  la  vic- 
toire  est  venue  couronner 3  nos  drapeaux.  Maintenant  que 
vous  en  connaissez  les  glorieuses  satisfactions,  vous  ne  la  lais- 
serez  plus  echapper. 

Quant  a  moi,  si  j'ai  fait  quelque  bien,  j'en  ai  ete  recompense 
par  le  plus  grand  honneur  qui  m'ait  ete  decerne  dans  une  longue 
carriere,  celui  de  commander  des  hommes  tels  que  vous. 

C'est  avec  une  vive  emotion  que  je  vous  remercie  de  ce  que 
vous  avez  fait,  car  je  vous  dois  ce  vers  quoi 4  etaient  tendus,5 
depuis  quarante-quatre  ans,  tous  mes  efforts  et  toutes  mes 
energies  :  la  revanche  de  1870. 

Merci  a  vous  et  honneur  a  tous  les  combattants  de  la  sixieme 
armee. 

Claye  (Seine-et-Marne),  le  10  septembre  1914 

(Signe)  Joffre. 
(Contresigne)  Maunoury. 

Telegramme  Officiel 

Paris,  le  28  Janvier  1915,  7  heures. 
Nancy,  7h  55. 

L'ennemi  a  tente  un  coup  de  main,  la  nuit  derniere,  dans  le 
bois  de  Saint-Mard  (region  de  Tracy-le-Val).     Apres  une  vive 

1  Maunoury's  army,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ourcq. 

2  par  le  feu :    due  to  fire. 

3  est  venue  couronner:  literally,  "has  come  to  crown";  translate, 
"has  crowned." 

4  ce  vers  quoi :    that  toward  which. 

6  etaient  tendus  :   had  been  directed. 


PASSAGES   FOR   TRANSLATION  121 

fusillade,  il  a  fait  exploser  l  des  mines  qui  ont  bouleverse  2  nos 
tranchees  sur  un  front  de  50  metres,  mais  il  n'a  pu  s'y  installer 
en  raison  des  tirs  de  barrage  executes  par  notre  artillerie.  Ces 
tranchees  ont  ete  reoccupees  et  remises  en  etat. 

A  l'ouest  de  Craonne,  la  nuit  a  ete  calme.  Les  combats  des 
25  et  26,  dans  cette  region,  ont  presente  la  physionomie  suivante  : 
apres  un  bombardement  prolonge  et  intense  de  projectiles  de 
gros  calibre  et  de  bombes,3  l'infanterie  allemande  a  attaque  sur 
le  front  Heurtebise  —  bois  Foulon ;  elle  a  ete  repoussee  partout 
avec  des  grosses  pertes,  sauf  a  La  Creute.  Un  eboulement,4 
provoque  par  la  chute  de  gros  projectiles,  a  obstrue  l'entree 
d'une  ancienne  carriere  qui  servait  de  magasin  et  d'abri  a  la 
garnison  de  nos  tranchees  de  La  Creute  (2  compagnies),  ces 
troupes  s'y  sont  done  trouvees  prises ;  l'ennemi  ayant  ainsi 
pris  pied  6  a  La  Creute,  s'est  infiltre  6  dans  le  bois  Foulon  et  a 
rendu  intenables  les  tranchees  avoisinantes  que  nous  avons  du 
evacuer.  Les  contre-attaques  qui  nous  ont  rendu  une  bonne 
partie  du  terrain  perdu  ont  ete  tres  brillantes ;  l'ardeur  de  nos 
troupes  s'est  montree  au-dessus  de  tout  eloge.  L'ennemi  a  subi 
des  pertes  tres  elevees ;  il  a  laisse  un  millier  de  cadavres  sur  le 
terrain.  Les  prisonniers  faits  appartiennent  a  quatre  regiments 
differents,  ce  qui  montre  bien  l'importance  de  l'attaque. 

En  Argonne,  vers  Saint-Hubert,  une  attaque  allemande  a 
echoue  dans  la  journee ;  trois  nouvelles  attaques,  executees  a 
deux  heures  les  unes  des  autres,  ont  ete  vigoureusement  repous- 
sees. 

La  nuit  du  26  au  27  a  ete  calme  en  Alsace  et  dans  les  Vosges. 

Rien  d'important  n'est  signale  sur  le  reste  du  front. 

Interrogation  des  Prisonniers  7 

Rarement  l'interrogation  des  prisonniers  a  fourni  des  ren- 
seignements    pratiques,    utiles    aux    combattants.     Que    leur 

1  il  a  fait  exploser :   he  set  off. 

2  bouleverse :   knocked  to  pieces. 

3  bombes  :    bombs,  i.e.,  grenades. 

4  eboulement :   landslide,  here,  falling  in  of  earth,  etc. 
6  pris  pied  :   got  a  footing. 

6  c'est  infiltre:  insinuated  himself;  might  be  translated  "sifted  into." 

7  "  Petit  Guide  de  Pratique  de  Guerre,"  by  Captain  Hanguillart. 
Paris;    Berger-Levrault,  1916, 


122  WAR   FRENCH 

origine,  leur  nationality,  leur  corps,  leur  age,  etc.,  soient  d'un 
grand  interet  pour  les  etats-majors  et  les  chefs  d'armees,  c'est 
incontestable.  Le  combattant,  lui,  aurait  besoin  de  renseigne- 
ments  plus  terre  a  terre,1  d'une  utilite  immediate  pour  lui.  Aussi, 
chaque  fois  qu'on  le  peut,  il  est  bon  de  leur  demander  : 

—  Comment  sont  occupees  leurs  lignes :  lere,  2e,  3e?  Den- 
site? 

—  Ou  sont  les  postes  de  commandement  ? 

—  Comment  et  quand  se  font  les  releves,  tous  les  combien,2 
a  quelles  heures  et  par  ou  ont  lieu  les  corvees  3  ? 

— ■  Les  heures  de  repas? 

—  Combien  d'hommes  dans  la  compagnie ;  combien  d'offi- 
ciers,  active4  ou  reserve6?     Qu'en  pensent-ils? 

—  Combien  de  petits  postes?  Combien  d'hommes  dans 
chacun,  de  jour,  de  nuit?     Ont-ils  des  grenades? 

—  Ou  vont-ils  au  repos?     Par  quel  chemin? 

—  Patrouilles  de  jour,  de  nuit.     Combien  d'hommes? 

—  A  quelle  heure  ?  Par  ou  sortent-elles,  rentrent-elles  ? 
Leur  mission,  en  quelle  tenue,  avec  quelles  armes,  leur  duree? 

—  Que  sait-on  des  notres  ? 

—  Place-t-on  des  homines  dans  les  arbres,  de  jour,  de  nuit,6 
devant  ou  derriere  leur  ligne?  Voient-ils  bien  chez  nous? 
Quels  sont  les  arbres  choisis? 

—  Parle-t-on  d'attaque?     En  craint-on  une? 

—  Que  f ont-ils  de  jour,  de  nuit,  quels  travaux  ? 

—  Voient-ils  les  notres? 

—  Quelles  sont  leurs  defenses  accessoires  ? 

—  Ou  sont  leurs  mitrailleuses,  obusiers,7  etc.,  combien? 
Bombes  asphyxiantes  et  liquides  enflammes,  moyens  de  pro- 
tection, combien  de  grenades  dans  les  tranchees? 

1  terre  k  terre  :  literally,  "earth  to  earth,"  i.e.,  coming  nearer  home, 
to  earth  ;  hence,  translate,  "of  a  more  practical  character." 

2  tous  les  combien:  all  the  "how  many's"  (i.e.,  how  many  guns, 
trenches,  men,  etc.). 

3  corvees :  fatigues. 

4  active  :    (of  the)  active  (army). 

6  r6serve  :  (of  the)  reserve  (army)  ;  less  energy  would  be  expected  of 
reserve  than  of  active  army  officers. 

6  de  jour,  de  nuit :    by  day,  by  night. 

7  obusiers  :    howitzers.     (May  mean  trench  mortars.) 


PASSAGES  FOR   TRANSLATION  123 

Telegram  Sent  by  the  Graduating   Class  of  St.  Cyr,  to 
the  Cadets  of  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy  at  West  Point 

Paris,  29  [juillet,  1917]. 

Monsieur  le  Commandant  de  l'Academie  Militaire  de  West  Point, 

N.  Y. 

Les  aspirants  eleves1  de  l'Ecole  speciale  militaire  de  St.  Cyr2, 
promotion3  des  drapeaux  et  de  l'amitie  americaine,  tiennent 4 
avant  de  partir  aux  armees,6  a4  adresser  a  leurs  camarades  de 
l'academie  militaire  de  West  Point,  leurs  sentiments  de  cordiale 
sympathie  a  l'occasion  de  l'entree  des  Etats  Unis  dans  la  guerre. 
Combattant  pour  la  meme  cause,  soldats  du  meme  ideal,  lorsque 
nous  nous  rencontrerons,  freres  d'armes,  sur  les  champs  de  bataille, 
alors  la  victoire  sera  proche,  etconsacrera  a  jamais  l'union  des 
drapeau  6toile,  et  du  drapeau  tricolore.6 

Promotion  des  drapeaux 

et  de  l'amitie  americaine. 

1  Aspirants  eleves,  student  candidates. 

2  This  is  the  official  name  of  the  school  at  St.  Cyr. 

3  Each  class  at  St.  Cyr,  on  graduating,  takes  a  name  based  on  some 
notable  military  event  of  the  time.     Notice  that  promotion  means  class. 

4  Tenir  .  .  .  a,  to  be  anxious  to,  to  have  at  heart. 
6  aux  armees,  to  the  front. 

6  Drapeau  tricolore,  the  French  flag,  so  called  from  its  vertical  stripes 
or  bands,  of  red,  white,  and  blue. 


I.     FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


ABBREVIATIONS 


a.,  adjective 
adv.,  adverb 
aero.,  aeronautics 
art.,  artillery 
cav.,  cavalry 
conj.,  conjunction 
esp.,  especially 
/.,  feminine  noun 
Jam.,  familiar 
Fr.  a.,  French  army 
inf.,  infantry 


to.,  masculine  noun 
mach.,  machinery 
mil.,  military 
pi.,  plural 
pr.  pronoun 
prep.,  preposition 
p.  p.,  past  participle 
rr.,  railroads 
sm.  a.,  small  arms 
v.  n.,  verb  neuter 
v.  t.,  verb  transitive 


a,  prep.,  to,  at. 

abandonner,  v.  t.,  to  abandon. 

abatis,  m.  {mil.),  abatis. 

abord,  to.,  approach ;  in  pi.,  ap- 
proaches, neighborhood  of  a 
position. 

aborder,  v.  t.,  to  approach. 

aboutir,  v.  n.,  to  terminate  in  (this 
verb  takes  a). 

aboyer,  v.  n.,  to  bark. 

abreuver,  v.  t.,  to  water. 

abreuvoir,  m.,  watering  trough, 
place. 

abri,  to.  (mil.),  shelter,  cover,  dug- 
out. 

abri-caverne,  m.  (mil.),  shell-proof 
shelter. 

abriter,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  shelter,  cover. 


accalmie,  /.,  lull. 

acces,  to.,  approach. 

accessoire,  a.,  accessory. 

accrocher,  v.  t.,  to  hook. 

acharner,  s'— ,  to  make  a  desperate 
effort. 

achat,  to.,  purchase. 

acheter,  v.  t.,  to  buy,  purchase. 

acier,  to.,  steel. 

acquis  (p.  p.  o/acquerir,  to  acquire), 
acquired. 

actif,  a.,  active. 

active,  feminine  of  actif  ;  1' —  (mil.), 
the  active  army. 

addition,  /.,  bill  (in  restaurants). 

adieu,  to.,  good-by. 

adjoint,  to.,  assistant ;  —  a  Fin- 
tendance  (Fr.  a.),  quartermaster 
(rank  of  captain,  lowest  grade  of 
the  intendance). 


125 


126 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


adjudant,  to.  (Fr.  a.),  adjudant 
(senior  grade  of  non-commissioned 
officer,  French  army,  no  equivalent 
in  English)  ;  —  de  bataillon, 
battalion  warrant  officer ;  —  de 
compagnie,  company  warrant 
officer. 

adjudant-major,  m.  (Fr.  a.),  (of- 
ficer) adjutant ;  capitaine  — , 
adjutant. 

administratif,  o.,  administrative. 

adversaire,  to.,  adversary. 

aeronautique,/.  (aero.),  aeronautics. 

aeroplane,  m.  (aero.),  airplane. 

affaire,  /.,  affair,  case. 

aflame,  a.,  famished,  hungry. 

affut,  to.  (art.),  gun-carriage. 

age,  m.,  age. 

agiter,  v.  t.,  to  agitate;  s' — ,  to  be 
busy. 

agneau,  to.,  lamb. 

agrafe,  /.,  clasp. 

aide-major,  m.  (Fr.  a.),  grade  in 
medical  corps  (lieutenants). 

aiguille,/.,  needle;    (rr.),  switch. 

aile,  /.,  wing;    (aero.),  wing. 

ailleurs,  adv.,  elsewhere  ;  d' — , 
besides. 

ainsi,  adv.,  thus,  in  this  manner; 
conj.,  so,  therefore. 

air,  m.,  air  (atmosphere)  ;  appear- 
ance, look. 

aise,  /.,  ease;  etre  bien  — ,  to  be 
glad. 

ajouter,  v.  t.,  to  add. 

Allemagne,  /.,  Germany. 

allemand,  a.,  German. 

aller,  v.  n.,  to  go. 

allumer,  v.  t.,  to  light. 

allumette,  /.,  match. 

alors,  adv.,  then;  —  que,  since. 

ambulance,/,  (mil.),  field  hospital. 


amenagement,  m.,  preparation; 
(esp.  mil.),  preparation  of  the 
terrain  of  a  position  to  resist 
attack,  etc. 

amenager,  v.  t.,  to  prepare,  ar- 
range; (mil.),  to  prepare  a  posi- 
tion to  resist  attack,  etc. 

amener,  v.  t.,  to  bring  in,  about,  on. 

Americain,  m.,  American. 

americain,  a.,  American. 

Amerique,  /.,  America  (especially 
the    U.  S.). 

amerrir,  v.  n.  (aero.),  to  alight  (on 
the  water :   seaplane) . 

amerrissage,  to.  (aero.),  alighting 
(on  the  water:    seaplane). 

ami,  m.,  friend. 

ampute,  p.  p.  of  amputer ;  —  du 
bras  droit,  having  right  arm 
amputated. 

amputer,  v.  I.,  to  amputate. 

amuser,  v.  t.,  to  amuse;  s' — ,  to 
have  a  good  time. 

an,  to.,  year  (an  is  year  with  refer- 
ence to  dates). 

ancien,  a.,  old,  ancient,  former; 
m.  (mil.),  old  soldier,  veteran. 

anciennete,  /.  (mil.),  seniority, 
length  of  service. 

ane,  m.,  ass. 

anglais,  a.,  English. 

Anglais,  //?.,  Englishman. 

Angleterre,  /.,  England. 

annee,  /.,  year  (annee  is  year  with 
reference  to  duration,  to  things 
that  happened). 

anti-aerien,  a.  (aero.),  anti-aircraft. 

apercu,  m.,  sketch. 

appareil,  »i.,  apparatus,  instrument. 

appartenir,  v.  n.,  to  belong  to  (this 
verb  takes  a). 

appeler,  v.  t.,  to  call,  name. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


127 


apporter,  v.  t.,  to  bring. 

apprendre,  v.  t.,  to  learn. 

apprentissage,  m.,  apprenticeship. 

approche,  /.  (mil.,  etc.),  approach. 

approcher,  v.  t.,  to  approach. 

approvisionnement,  to.  (mil.), 
supply. 

approvisionner,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to 
supply. 

appui,  to.  (mil.,  etc.),  support. 

appuyer,  v.  t.  (mil.,  etc.),  to  support. 

apres,  adv.,  afterwards  ;  prep.,  after. 

apres-demain,  adv.,  day  after  to- 
morrow. 

apres-midi,  to.,  afternoon. 

arbre,  to.,  tree;    (mach.),  shaft. 

ardeur,  /.,  ardor. 

are,  m.,  are  (100  square  meters). 

argent,  m.,  money. 

argot,  to.,  slang. 

arme,  /.  {mil.),  arm,  weapon;  arm 
of  the  service  ;  —  a  feu,  firearm  ; 

—  a  magasin,  magazine  gun. 
armee,  /.  (mil.),  army;    —  active, 

active  army ;  —  coloniale, 
colonial  army ;  1' —  metropoli- 
taine,  "  home  "  army,  army 
serving    in    France,    in    Europe ; 

—  territoriale,  territorial  army, 
armer,  v.  t.,  to  arm. 

arret,  to.,  stop,  halt ;   (mil.),  arrest ; 

aux  — s,  in  arrest. 
arreter,  v.  t.,  to  stop,  cease. 
arriere,  adv.,  en  — ,  back. 
arriere,  m.  (mil.),  the  rear, 
arriere-garde,  /.  (mil.),  rear  guard, 
arrivee,  /.,  arrival. 
arriver,  v.  re.,  to  arrive,  happen, 
articulation,  /.,  articulation, 
articuler,  v.  t.,  to  articulate. 
artillerie,    /.    (art.),    artillery;     — 

anti-aerienne,     anti-aircraft     ar- 


tillery ;  —  de  campagne,  field 
artillery ;  —  de  cote,  coast  ar- 
tillery ;  —  courte,  howitzers ; 
—  longue,  long  guns  ;  - —  lourde, 
heavy  artillery ;  —  de  siege, 
siege  artillery. 

artilleur,  ?n.  (art.),  artilleryman, 
"  gunner." 

ascenseur,  to.,  elevator. 

ascensionnel,  a.  (aero.),  ascensional, 
lifting. 

asphyxiant,  a.,  asphyxiating. 

assaut,  ire.  (mil.,  etc.),  assault; 
d' — ,  assaulting. 

assez,  adv.,  enough,  quite. 

assiette,  /.,  plate. 

astiquage,  m.  (mil.),  polishing. 

astiquer,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  polish. 

atelier,  to.,  workshop. 

atmosphere,  /.,  atmosphere. 

attaque,  /,  (mil.),  attack. 

attaquer,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  attack. 

atteindre,  v.  t.,  to  reach,  arrive  at ; 
(mil.),  to  hit. 

atteint,  a.  (mil.),  hit,  wounded. 

attelage,  to.,  team;  —  de  derriere 
(art.),  wheel  team  ;  —  de  devant 
(art.),  lead  team  ;  —  du  milieu 
(art.),  swing  team. 

attendre,  v.  t.,  to  wait,  await. 

attenuer,  v.  t.,  to  lessen,  attenuate. 

atterrir,  v.  n.  (aero.),  to  land. 

atterrissage,  m.  (aero.),  landing. 

aucun,  a.,  no. 

audace,  /.,  daring,  boldness. 

au-dela,  adv.,  beyond. 

au-dessus,  adv.,  above,  over. 

aujourd'hui,  adv.,  to-day. 

aumonier,  to.  (mil.),  chaplain. 

aussi,  adv.,  as  ;   also. 

aussitot,  adv.,  immediately  ;  —  que, 
as  soon  as. 


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FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


autant,  adv.,   as  much ;    d' —    plus 

que,  all  the  more  that. 
auto,  m.,  automobile, 
automobile,  m.  or  /.,  automobile, 
autour,  prep.,  around, 
autre,  a.,  other, 
autrefois,  adv.,  formerly. 
Autriche,  /.,  Austria, 
autrichien,  a.,  Austrian, 
aux  {article),  to  the. 
avance,     /.,     advance;      d' — ,     in 

advance  ;    a  1' — ,  in  advance, 
avancement,  m.  (mil.),  promotion; 

—  a  l'anciennete,  promotion  by 
seniority  ;  —  au  choix,  promotion 
by  seniority. 

avance,  a.,  advanced. 

avancer,  v.  n.  t.,  to  advance ;  (of  a 
watch),  to  gain;  {mil.),  to  pro- 
mote. 

avant,  prep.,  before. 

avant-bras,  m.,  forearm. 

avant-garde,  /.  {mil.),  advance 
guard. 

avant-hier,  adv.,  day  before  yester- 
day. 

avant-poste,    m.     {mil.),    outpost; 

—  a  la  cosaque,  Cossack  post, 
avant-train,      m.      {art.),      limber; 

amener   1' — ,    to    limber    (rear)  ; 

oter  1' — -,  to  unlimber. 
avec,  prep.,  with, 
aviateur,  m.  {aero.),  aviator, 
aviation,/,  {aero.),  aviation, 
avion,  m.   (aero.),  airplane;    —  de 

chasse,    pursuit    plane ;     —    de 

combat,     battle     plane;     —    de 

reglage,    fire   observation   plane, 

spotting  plane, 
avis,    m.,   opinion ;    —   au   public, 

notice  to  the  public, 
avoine,  /.,  oats. 


avoir,  v.  t.,  to  have;  en  — ,  to  be 
"  getting  it." 

avoisinant,  a.,  adjacent,  neighbor- 
ing. 

B 

bac,  m.,  ferry. 

bagage,  m.,  baggage. 

baguette,  /.  (mil.),  ramrod. 

bain,  m.,  bath. 

baibnnette,  /.  (mil.),  bayonet. 

balai,  m.,  broom. 

balle,  /.  (mil.),  bullet. 

ballon,  m.  (aero.),  balloon;  — 
captif ,  captive  balloon  ;  —  libre, 
free  balloon. 

banc,  m.,  bench. 

bandage,  m.,  bandage ;   tire. 

bande,  /.,  bandage ;  —  molletiere 
(mil.),  puttee. 

bander,  v.  t.,  to  bandage. 

banque,  /.,  bank. 

barbe,  /.,  beard. 

barbele,  a.,  barbed. 

barda,  m.  (mil.  slang),  kit. 

barrage,  m.,  barrier,  damming ; 
(art.),  curtain  (of  fire)  ;  tir  de  — 
(art.,  etc.),  curtain  fire  (may  be 
executed  with  grenades). 

bas,  a.,  low;   >n.,  bottom. 

bastion,  m.  (mil.),  bastion  (this  is 
the  only  word  ending  in  -tion  that 
is  masculine:  recollect  that  the 
others  are  all  feminine). 

bataille,  /.  (mil.),  battle. 

bataillon,  m.  (inf.),  battalion. 

bateau,  ?;?.,  boat. 

batterie,  /.  (art.),  battery;  —  de 
combat,  the  whole  of  a  field 
battery,  except  the  train  regi- 
mentaire ;  —  de  tir,  firing 
battery;    (mil.),  drum  call. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


129 


battre,  v.  t.,  to  beat,  fight ;  —  en 
retraite  (mil.),  to  beat  a  retreat. 

Bavarois,  m.,  Bavarian. 

Baviere,  /.,  Bavaria. 

beau,  a.,  beautiful  (feminine,  belle)  ; 
il  fait  — ,  the  weather  is  fine. 

beche,  /.,  spade ;  ■ —  de  crosse 
(art.),  trail  spade. 

beige,  a.,  Belgian. 

Belgique,  /.,  Belgium. 

belle,  a.,  feminine  of  beau. 

beret,  m.  (mil.),  tam-o'-shanter  (worn 
by  chasseurs). 

besogne,  /.,  job. 

besoin,  to.,  need ;  avoir  —  de,  to 
need. 

beton,  m.,  concrete;  —  arme,  re- 
enforced  concrete. 

beurre,  to.,  butter. 

bibliotheque,  /.,  bookcase,  library 
(both  room  and  collection  of  books) . 

bidon,  to.  (mil.),  water-bottle,  can- 
teen. 

bien,  adv.,  well,  very  well;  to., 
good;  le  —  du  service  (mil.), 
the  good  of  the  service. 

bientot,  adv.,  soon. 

biere,  /.,  beer. 

bifteck,  to.,  beefsteak. 

billet,  m.  (rr.,  etc.),  ticket;  ■ — 
d'aller  et  retour,  round  trip 
ticket ;  —  direct,  through  ticket ; 
prendre  ses  — ,  to  buy  one's 
tickets ;  —  simple,  single  ticket 
(one  way). 

biplace,  to.  (aero.),  two-seater. 

biplan,  to.  (aero.),  biplane. 

biscuit,  m.,  cracker,  biscuit. 

bivouac,  to.  (mil.),  bivouac. 

blaireau,  m.,  shaving  brush. 

blanc,  a.,  white  (feminine,  blanche). 

ble,  m.,  wheat. 


blesse,  p.  p.  =  m.,  wounded  man; 
grand —  (mil.),  severely  wounded 
man. 

blesser,  v.  t.,  to  wound. 

blessure,  /.,  wound. 

bleu,  a.,  blue. 

bleu,  to.  (mil.  slang),  recruit; 
—  d'horizon  (mil.),  horizon  blue 
(color  of  French  field  uniform). 

boche,  m.  (slang),  German. 

bock,  to.,  glass  of  beer. 

boeuf,  to.,  ox  (the  f  is  pronounced  in 
the  singular,  but  not  in  the  plural). 

boire,  v.  t.,  to  drink. 

bois,  ?».,  wood,  woods. 

boise,  a.,  wooded. 

bombardement,  m.,  bombardment. 

bombarder,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  bom- 
bard. 

bombe,/.  (art.),  mortar  shell,  bomb. 

bon,  a.,  good. 

bonne,  /.,  maid  (servant)  ;  —  a 
tout  faire,  maid  of  all  work. 

bonnet,  to.,  bonnet ;  —  de  police 
(mil.),  sort  of  visorless  cap. 

bord,  to.,  border. 

border,  v.  t.,  to  border. 

botte,  /.,  boat. 

bouche,  /.,  mouth;  — s  inutiles 
(mil.),  useless  mouths. 

boue,  /.,  mud. 

bouffee,  /.,  puff. 

bouleverser,  v.  t.,  to  overthrow, 
throw  into  confusion. 

bourgeron,  to.  (mil.),  fatigue  coat. 

boussole,  /.,  compass. 

bout,  to.,  end. 

bouton,  m.,  button. 

boutonniere,  /.,  buttonhole. 

boyau,  m.  (mil.),  boyau  (com- 
munication trench). 

brancard,  m.  (mil.),  stretcher. 


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FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


brancardier,    to.     (mil.),    stretcher 

bearer, 
bras,  to.,  arm. 
breche,  /.  (mil.),  breach. 
Bretagne,  /.,  Brittany ;    la  Grande 

— ,  Great  Britain, 
bretelle,  /.,  suspender;    (mil.),  gun 

sling. 
bride,  /.,  bridle, 
brigade,  /.  (mil.),  brigade, 
brigadier,   m.   (mil.),   corporal   (ar- 
tillery and  cavalry). 
brillant,  a.,  brilliant. 
briller,  v.  n.,  to  shine, 
brique,  /.,  brick. 
briser,  v.  t.,  to  break, 
brodequin,  m.,  (soldier)  shoe, 
brosse,  /.,   brush ;    —  a   cheveux, 

hair   brush ;    —   a    dents,    tooth 

brush, 
brosseur,  m.  (mil.),  soldier  servant, 

"  striker,"  U.  S.  A. 
brouillard,  m.,  fog;    il  fait  du  — , 

there  is  a  fog. 
bruler,  v.  t.,  to  burn, 
brume,  /.,  mist. 
bureau,  to.,  office ;  —  des  postes  et 

telegraphes,  post  and  telegraph 

office, 
but,  m.,  object,  aim  ;  end,  purpose  ; 

(mil.),  target. 


ca,  pr.,  that. 

cabinet,  to.,  office  ;  toilet;  dressing 
closet ;  —  de  travail,  study. 

cadavre,  to.,  corpse. 

cadre,  m.,  frame;  (mil.),  officers 
and  non-commissioned  officers  of 
a  unit;  hors  —  (mil.),  on  de- 
tached officers'  list. 


cafard,   to.    (mil.  slang),   the  blues 

(literally,  cockroach) . 
cafe,  m.,  coffee  ;  cafe, 
cagibi,  m.  (mil.  slang),  dugout, 
cagna,  /.  (mil.  slang),  shelter  (hut, 

etc.,  in  the  trenches). 
caisse,  /.,  chest, 
caisson,  to.  (art.),  caisson, 
calecon,  m.,  drawers, 
calibre,  to.  (art.),  caliber, 
calme,  a.,  calm, 
camarade,  to.,  comrade, 
camion,  to.,  truck, 
camouflage,  to.  (mil.),   making  up, 

faking,  camouflage, 
camoufler,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  make  up, 

fake, 
camp,  to.,  (miL,  etc.),  camp, 
carnpagne,     /.,      country;       (mil.), 

campaign, 
campement,  m.  (mil.),  encampment, 

camping  party  ;   establishment  of 

a  camp. 
camper,  v.  n.,  to  camp, 
canal,  to.,  canal, 
canif,  to.,  pocket  knife. 
canon,     to.     (art.),     gun,     cannon; 

(inf.),  barrel  (of  the  rifle), 
canonnier,     to.     (art.),     cannoneer, 

artilleryman, 
cantonnement,    to.    (mil.),    canton- 
ment, 
capitaine,  to.  (mil.),  captain, 
caporal,   m.    (mil.),    corporal; 

fourrier,  quartermaster  corporal, 
capote,  /.  (mil.),  overcoat, 
carabine,  /.  (mil.),  carbine, 
caractere,  m.,  character,  nature, 
carre,  a.,  square, 
carrefour,  m.,  cross-roads, 
carriere,  /.,  career ;   quarry, 
carte,  /.,  map. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


131 


cartouche,/,  (mil.),  cartridge;  — 
a  balle,  ball  cartridge ;  —  a 
blanc,  blank  cartridge ;  fausse 
— ,  dummy  cartridge. 

cartouchiere,  /.  (mil.),  cartridge 
box. 

cas,  m.,  case. 

caserne,  /.  (mil.),  barracks. 

casque,  m.  (mil.),  helmet. 

casquette,  /.,  cap;  —  plate  (mil.), 
American  (English)  forage  cap. 

casser,  v.  t.,  to  break. 

categorie,  /.,  class,  category. 

causer,  v.  n.,  to  talk,  converse. 

cavalerie,  /.  (mil.),  cavalry. 

cavalier,  m.  (mil.),  cavalry  man, 
trooper;  (in  general),  rider, 
horseman. 

ce,  pr.,  it. 

ce,  pr.,  this  (cet  before  a  vowel  or 
mute  h  ;  feminine,  cette) . 

ceinturon,  m.  (mil.),  belt. 

centime,  m.  (j^s  of  a  franc),  cen- 
time. 

centimetre,  m.,  centimeter  (0".4). 

centre,  m.,  center;  - —  d'appui 
(mil.),  center  of  support,  sup- 
porting point ;  —  de  resistance 
(mil.),  center  of  resistance. 

cependant,  adv.,  nevertheless. 

cerise,  /.,  cherry. 

certain,  a.,  certain. 

chacun,  pr.,  each  one,  every  one. 

chaise,  /.,  chair. 

chambre,  /.,  room;  —  a  air,  inner 
tube  of  a  pneumatic  tire  ;  —  a 
coucher,  bedroom. 

champ,  m.,  field ;  —  de  bataille 
(mil.),  field  of  battle. 

chandail,  m.  (slang),  sweater. 

changement,  to.,  change. 

changer,  v.  t.,  to  change. 


chapeau,  m.,  hat ;  —  haut  de  forme, 
high  hat ;  —  de  paille,  straw  hat. 

chaque,  a.,  each,  every. 

charbon,  m.,  coal. 

charger,  v.  t.  (mil.,  etc.),  to  charge. 

chasser,  v.  I.  (mil.,  etc.),  to  drive 
out. 

chasseur,  to.,  hunter;  (mil.),  chas- 
seur (light  cavalry,  infantry 
French  army)  ;  — s  d'Afrique, 
African  chasseurs ;  — s  alpins, 
Alpine  chasseurs  ;  — s  a  cheval, 
mounted  chasseurs  ;  — s  a  pied, 
foot  chasseurs. 

chat,  to.,  cat. 

chaud,  a.,  hot;  avoir  — ,  to  be  hot 
(person)  ;  etre  — ,  to  be  hot 
(things)  ;  faire  — ,  to  be  hot 
(weather) . 

chauffeur,  to.,  fireman  ;  chauffeur ; 
stoker. 

chaussee,  /.,  causeway,  highway. 

chaussette,  /.,  sock. 

chaussure,  /.,  shoe  (is  a  general 
term  for  footwear) . 

chef,  to.,  chief;  (mil.),  the  senior, 
the  commanding  officer ;  —  de 
bataillon,  major  (infantry  and 
engineers)  ;  —  de  corps,  com- 
manding officer  (of  a  recognized 
independent  unit ;  hence  gener- 
ally) colonel ;  —  d'escadron 
major  (artillery)  ;  —  d'es- 
cadrons,  major  (cavalry)  ;  —  de 
gare  (rr.),  station  master. 

chemin,  m.,  road,  way;  —  de  fer, 
railroad ;  —  de  fer  a  deux 
voies,  double-track  road ;  —  de 
fer  a  voie  etroite,  narrow-gauge 
road ;  - —  de  fer  a  voie  unique, 
single-track  road  ;  —  de  traverse, 
cross-road. 


132 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


cheminee,  /.,    chimney  ;    fireplace  ; 

mantelpiece. 
chemise,  /.,  sliirt ;    (mach.),  jacket, 
chene,  m.,  oak. 

cher,  a.,  dear  (price  and  affection). 
cheval,    m.,    horse ;     —    d'armes, 

troop  horse  ;   —  entier,  stallion  ; 

—  haut-le-pied,     spare     horse ; 

—  hongre,  gelding  ;  —  de  main, 
led  horse ;  a  —  sur,  across ; 
e.g.,  a  —  sur  une  riviere,  (a  line 

of  troops)    across   a  river ; 

vapeur,  horsepower. 

chevalet,  m.,  trestle;  (mil.),  aim- 
ing stand  ;    (mil.),  rocket  stand. 

cheveux,  m.  pi.,  hair ;  rafraichir 
les  — ,  to  trim  the  hair. 

cheville,  /.,  ankle. 

chez,  prep.,  at,  at  the  home  of. 

chien,  m.,  dog;  —  sanitaire  (mil.), 
sanitary  dog. 

choisir,  v.  t.,  to  choose. 

choix,  m.,  choice;  (mil.,  etc.), 
selection. 

chose,  /.,  thing;  grand'  — ,  great 
thing,  great  matter. 

chute,  /.,  fall. 

ciel,  m.,  sky. 

cigare,  m.,  cigar. 

cigarette,  /.,  cigarette. 

cinquantaine,  /.,  fifty. 

circulaire,  a.,  circular. 

circuler,  v.  n.,  to  circulate. 

citer,  v.  t.,  to  cite,  mention ;  —  a 
l'ordre  (mil.),  to  mention  in 
orders. 

clair,  a.,  clear. 

clairiere,  /.,  clearing. 

clairon,  m.,  bugle;    (mil.),  bugler. 

classe,  /.,  class. 

clef,  /.,  key. 

clement,  a.,  merciful. 


clou,  m.,  nail. 

cocher,  m.,  coachman. 

cochon,  m.,  hog. 

cceur,  m.,  heart ;  —  de  croisement 
(rr.),   frog. 

coin,  m.,  corner;   nook. 

col,  m.,  collar  (sewed  on  the  shirt)  ; 
faux  — ,  collar  (detachable). 

colis,  m.,  parcel ;  —  a  domicile 
(mil.  slang),  shell  (allusion  to 
parcel  to  be  delivered  at  one's 
quarters) . 

collet,  m.,  collar  (of  a  coat,  of  a 
uniform) . 

colline,  /.,  hill. 

colonel,  m.  (mil.),  colonel. 

colonne,  f.  (mil.,  etc.),  column. 

combat,  m.  (mil.),  action,  engage- 
ment. 

combattant,  m.  (mil.),  combatant. 

combattre,  v.  t.,  to  fight. 

commandant,  m.  (mil.),  major; 
(in  the  navy),  captain  (of  a  ship, 
whether  of  the  grade  of  captain  or 
not)  ;  —  d'armes,  commanding 
officer  of  a  fort,  garrison,  or 
camp. 

commande,  /.  (aero.),  control. 

commandement,  m.  (mil.),  the 
commanding  authority. 

commander,  v.  t.,  to  command. 

comme,  prep.,  like ;   adv.,  as,  for. 

commencer,  v.  t.,  to  begin. 

comment,  adv.,  how,  what. 

communication,  /.,  communication. 

compagnie,  /.  (mil.),  company. 

complet,  a.,  complete;  full  (i.e., 
room  for  no  more  passengers)  ; 
m.,  suit  of  clothes  (all  of  same 
stuff). 

comprendre,  v.  t.,  to  understand. 

compte,  /«.,  account ;   bill. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


133 


compter,  v.  t.,  to  count. 
conducteur,    m.,    driver,    wagoner; 

(art.),  driver. 
conduire,    v.    t.,    to    drive    (horses, 

autos)  ;   to  carry  on. 
confier,  v.  t.,  to  intrust. 
conge,  m.  (mil.),  leave  of  absence. 
connaissance,     /.,      acquaintance ; 

knowledge. 
connaitre,  to  know,  recognize. 
conquerir,  v.  t.,  to  conquer, 
consacre,  a.,  sanctioned,  regular. 
consequent,    a.,    consequent;     par 

— ,  therefore, 
conserver,  v.  t.,  to  keep,  hold, 
consigne,  /.,    parcel  room;    (mil.), 

orders  (as,  a  sentinel's  orders) . 
consigner,   v.   a.    (mil.),    to   confine 

(to  quarters). 
consommation,  /.,  a  drink. 
Constance,  /.,  constancy, 
constituer,  v.  t.,  to  constitute, 
consulter,  v.  t.,  to  consult. 
content,  a.,  satisfied,  content. 
contenu,  m.,  contents. 
continuer,  v.  n.  t.,  to  continue, 
contraire,  a.,  contrary,  opposite, 
contre-attaque,    /.    (mil.),    counter 

attack, 
contre-attaquer,     v.    t.     (mil.),    to 

counterattack, 
contre-epaulette,  /.  (mil.),  shoulder 

knot, 
contresigner,  v.  t.,  to  countersign, 
controle,    m.    (mil.),    muster    roll; 

rayer  des  — s,  to  remove  from 

the  rolls  of  the  army. 
controleur,  in.,  ticket  taker. 
convenir,  v.  n.,  with  avoir,  to  suit ; 

with   etre,   to  agree ;    —  de,   to 

admit. 
convention,  /.,  convention. 


conversion,  /.  (mil.),  conversion, 
wheeling. 

copain,  m.  (mil.  slang),  chum, 
"  bunkie." 

copie,  /.,  copy. 

copier,  v.  t.,  to  copy. 

corde,  /.,  string. 

cordon,  m.,  string;  —  tire-feu 
(art.),  lanyard. 

cordonnet,  m.  (mil.),  hat-cord. 

corps,  7ii.,  body;  (mil.),  regiment, 
corps ;  esp.  army  corps ;  — 
d'armee,  army  corps ;  corps  a 
corps,  hand-to-hand  fighting. 

correspondance,/.,  correspondence ; 
transfer  (trams,  etc.)  ;  station  de 
— ,  transfer  point  (trams,  etc.). 

corvee,  /.  (mil.),  fatigue  party, 
fatigue  duty. 

cote,  /.,  coast ;   hill. 

cote,  m.,  side. 

coteau,  m.,  hill. 

cou,  m.,  neck. 

couche,  p.  p.  =  a.  (mil.),  lying 
down. 

coude,  m.,  elbow. 

coup,  m.,  blow,  stroke;  —  de 
main  (mil.),  surprise  attack; 
—  d'ceil,  glance;  —  d'ceil 
militaire  (mil.),  eye  for  ground. 

couper,  v.  t.,  to  cut. 

courage,  m.,  courage. 

couramment,  adv.,  currently. 

courant,  in.,  current. 

coureur,  m.  (mil.),  runner. 

courir,  v.  n.,  to  run. 

couronner,  v.  t.,  crown. 

courrier,  m.,  mail. 

courroie,  /.,  strap. 

cours,  m.,  course;  au  —  de,  dur- 
ing. 

couteau,  m.,  knife. 


134 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


couter,  v.  n.  t.,  to  cost ;    coute  que 

coute,  at  all  costs, 
couverture,  /.,  blanket, 
couvrir,  v.  t.,  to  cover;    (mil.),  to 

cover, 
craindre,  v.  t.,  to  fear, 
crainte,  /.,  fear, 
crapouillot,  m.  (mil.  slang),  trench 

mortar, 
cravate,  /.,  necktie,  cravat, 
crayon,  m.,  pencil, 
creme,  /.,  cream;   buff  (color). 
creneau,  m.  (mil.),  loophole, 
creuser,  n.,  to  dig. 
creux,  a.,  hollow. 
cri,  m.,  cry. 
crier,  r.  n.,  to  cry. 
croire,  v.  t.,  to  believe, 
croisement,  m.,  crossing 
croiser,  v.  t.,  to  cross. 
croix,  /.,  cross;    la  — ,  the  cross  of 

the    Legion    of    Honor ;     la    — 

Rouge,  the  Red  Cross. 
crosse,  /.  (art.),  trail;    (inf.),  butt 

(of  the  rifle), 
cuiller,  /.,  spoon, 
cuirassier,  m.  (cav.),  cuirassier, 
cuisine,  /.,  kitchen. 
cuisinier,  m.,  cook, 
cuisiniere,  /.,  cook, 
cuisse,  /.,  thigh, 
cuistot,  »i.  (mil.  slang),  cook, 
culasse,  /.  (art.),  breech, 
culbuter,  v.  t.,  to  overthrow, 
culotte,  /.,  breeches, 
cure,  m.,  (Roman  Catholic)  parish 

priest. 


d'abord,  adv.,  at  first. 
dame,  /.,  lady, 
danger,  m.,  danger. 


dans,  prep.,  in. 

dater,  v.  t.  n.,  to  date ;  —  du,  to 
be  dated,  date  from. 

de,  prep.,  of,  from ;  —  plus,  more- 
over, besides. 

debarquement,  m.  (mil.),  landing. 

debarquer,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  detrain, 
land,  disembark. 

debordant,  a.  (mil.),  outflanking. 

deborder,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  turn, 
flank. 

debris,  m.,  remains,  ruins. 

debut,  171.,  beginning,  opening ;  au 
— ,  at  first,  at  the  beginning  of. 

deca,  adv.,  on  this  side. 

decerner,  v.  t.,  to  confer;  bestow 
upon. 

dechirer,  v.  t.,  to  tear. 

dechirure,  /.,  tear. 

declarer,  v.  t.,  to  declare,  an- 
nounce. 

decollage,  m.  (aero.),  getting  off 
(the  ground :   airplane). 

decoller,  v.  n.  (aero.),  to  get  off  (the 
ground:  airplane). 

decouvert,  a.,  open. 

dedale,  m.,  maze. 

defaire,  v.  t.  (wiL),  to  defeat. 

defaite,  /.  (mil.),  defeat. 

defendre,  v.  t.,  to  defend;   forbid. 

defense,  /.,  defense;  —  d'entrer, 
no  admission ;  —  de  fumer,  no 
smoking. 

defenseur,  m.,  defender. 

defensif,  a.,  defensive. 

defensive,  /.  (mil.),  the  defensive. 

definitif,  a.,  definite. 

definitivement,  adv.,  definitively. 

degager,  v.  t.,  to  clear,  disengage. 

degre,  m.,  degree. 

dejeuner,  to.,  breakfast;  v.  n.,  to 
breakfast. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


135 


deli,  prep.,  beyond ;  adv.,  on  the 
other  side;  deca  et  — ,  hither, 
and  thither. 

demain,  adv.,  to-morrow. 

demande,  /.,  request. 

demander,  v.  t.,  to  ask. 

demeurer,  v.  n.,  to  live  at  or  in 
(this  verb  takes  a  after  it). 

demi,  a.,  half. 

demi-sang,  m.,  half-bred  horse. 

demi-tenue,  /.  (mil.),  undress  (of 
uniform:   in   U.  S.  A.,  dress). 

demolir,  v.  t.,  to  demolish. 

demolition,  /.,  demolition. 

densite,  /.,  density. 

dent,  /.,  tooth. 

depart,  m.,  departure. 

depasser,  v.  t.,  to  go  beyond,  ex- 
ceed. 

depeche,  /.,  dispatch.  . 

depense,  /.,  expenditure. 

depenser,  v.  t.,  to  spend. 

deplacer,  v.  t.,  to  displace. 

deposer,  v.  t.,  to  put  down. 

depot,  m.  (rr.),  parcel  room. 

depuis,  prep.,  since ;    conj.,  since ; 

—  que,  since. 

deranger,  v.  t.,  to  annoy,  disturb ; 

se  — ,  to  be  disturbed, 
dernier,  a.,  last, 
deroute, /.  (mil.),  rout, 
derriere,  prep.,  adv.,  behind, 
des,  article  pi.,  of  the  ;   from  the. 
des,  prep.,  from  (beginning), 
desastre,  m.,  disaster, 
descendre,      v.     n.,      to    descend ; 

—  d'un  train,  to  get  off  a  train, 
deserter,  v.  n.  (mil.),  to  desert, 
deserteur,  m.  (mil.),  deserter, 
desespere,  a.,  desperate, 
desespoir,  m.,  despair, 
designer,  v.  t.,  to  designate. 


desir,  m.,  desire. 

desirer,  v.  t.,  to  desire. 

desole,  a.,  sorry. 

dessert,  m.,  dessert. 

dessus,  adv.,  on,  above;  m.,  top; 
au  —  de,  above. 

detachement,  m.  (mil.),  detach- 
ment. 

detente,  /.  (sra.  a.),  trigger. 

detruire,  v.  t.,  to  destroy. 

devancer,  v.  t.,  to  outstrip,  come 
before. 

devant,  prep.,  before ;  adv.,  in 
front  of ;    de  — ,  front,  in  front. 

developpement,  m.,  development. 

developper,  v.  t.,  to  develop. 

devenir,  v.  n.,  to  become. 

devoir,  v.  n.  t.,  to  owe  (in  connection 
with  another  verb,  "  ought  "  :  e.g., 
il  devrait  venir,  he  ought  to 
come)  ;  to  be  obliged  to ;  p.  p., 
du. 

devoue,  a.,  devoted. 

devouer,  v.  t.,  to  devote. 

diane, /.  (mil.),  reveille. 

Dieu,  m.,  God;  Mon  — !  Good 
Heavens !  ( The  use  of  Dieu  in 
expressions  like  the  foregoing  is 
not  regarded  as  objectionable  by  the 
French.  Do  not,  however,  say 
nom  de  Dieu). 

different,  a.,  different. 

digne,  a.,  worthy. 

diner,  m.,  dinner  ;  v.  n.,  to  dine. 

dire,  v.  t.,  to  say,  tell. 

direct,  a.,  direct. 

direction,  /.,  direction. 

dirigeable,  m.  (aero.),  dirigible 
balloon  ;  — rigide,  rigid  dirigible  ; 
—  semi-rigide,  semi-rigid  dirigi- 
ble ;  —  souple,  non-rigid  dirigi- 
ble. 


136 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


diriger,  v.  t.,  to  direct ;   send. 

disloquer,  v.  t.,  to  dislocate. 

disparaitre,  v.  n.,  to  disappear. 

disparu,  p.  p.  of  disparaitre. 

dispositif,  m.  (mil.),  distribution  of 
troops. 

distinguer,  v.  t.,  to  distinguish. 

diviser,  v.  t.,  to  divide. 

division,/,  (mil.),  division. 

doigt,  m.,  finger ;  —  de  pied,  m.,  toe. 

dolman,  m.  (mil.),  cavalry  jacket. 

domestique,  m.,  /.,  servant. 

dommage,  m.,  damage;    pity. 

done,  conj.,  therefore,  then. 

donner,  v.  t.,  to  give. 

dont,  pr.,  by  which,  of  which, 
whose,  of  whom. 

dos,  m.,  back. 

douane,  /.,  customhouse. 

doute,  m.   doubt. 

douter,  v.  n.,  to  doubt. 

douteux,  a.,  doubtful. 

dragon,  m.,  (mil.),  dragoon. 

drap,    m.,    sheet;   cloth. 

drapeau,  m.,  flag;  colors  (of  in- 
fantry) ;  —  blanc,  white  flag ; 
—  etoile,  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 

droit,  a.,  straight,  right;  m.,  right; 
law ;    tax. 

droite,  /.,  right  (side,  hand,  etc.). 

du,  article,  of  the. 

dur,  a.,  hard. 

durant,  prep.,  during. 

duree,  /.,  duration. 

durer,  v.  n.,  to  endure,  last. 

E 

eau,  /.,  water ;  —  potable,  potable 
water,  water  fit  to  drink. 

eboulement,  m.,  land-slide,  falling 
in. 


echapper,  v.  n.,  to  escape. 

echec,  m.,  check. 

echelle,    /.,    ladder;     scale    (of    a 

map)  ;   —  au  ^.  scale  ^. 
echouer,  v.  n.,  to  fail. 
eclair,  m.,  lightning, 
eclaircir,   v.   t.,   to   clear;    s' — ,   to 

clear  up  (weather). 
eclairer,  v.   t.,   to  light,   light  up; 

(mil.),  to  give  information,  watch, 

reconnoiter. 
eclair eur,  m.  (mil.),  scout, 
eclat,  m.  (mil.),  splinter, 
eclope,  m.,  footsore, 
ecole,  /.,  school, 
ecorce,  /.,  bark  (of  a  tree). 
Ecosse,  /.,  Scotland, 
ecouter,  v.  t.,  to  listen. 
ecurie,  /.,  stable  (for  horses), 
effet,  m.,  effect ;   en  — ,  in  fact, 
effort,  m.,  effort, 
egal,   a.,   equal ;     ca  m'est  — ,    all 

the  same  to  me,  all  right, 
egayer,  v.  t.,  to  cheer  up. 
eglise,  /.,  church  (Roman  Catholic). 
eh  bien!  well ! 
elan,  m.,  enthusiasm,  start, 
eleve,  a.,  lugh,  great, 
elever,  v.  t.,  to  raise, 
eloge,  m.,  eulogy,  praise, 
eloigner,  v.  t.,  to  remove,  keep  off. 
embarquer,  v.  t.,  to  entrain, 
embusque,  m.,  slacker,  shirker, 
emotion,  /.,  emotion, 
empecher,  v.  t.,  to  prevent, 
empereur,  m.,  emperor, 
emploi,  m.,  employment,  use. 
employer,  v.  t.,  to  use;    employ, 
en,  ]»•.,  of  it,  of  them  ;    prep.,  in. 
encadrer,  v.  t.,  to  frame;    (mil.),  to 

fiame  in  (a  company  is  said  to  be 

encadree  when  it  has  troops  im- 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


137 


mediately  on  its  right  and  on  its 

left). 
encore,    adv.,    more ;     still ;     —    et 

plus,  what  is  more, 
encre,  /.,  ink. 
encrier,  m.,  inkstand, 
en-deca,  adv.,  on  this  side, 
endormi,  a.,  asleep, 
endormir,  v.  t.,  to  put  to  sleep, 
endroit,  m.,  place. 
endurance,  /.,  endurance, 
enfant,  m.,  f.,  child, 
enfin,  adv.,  finally. 
enfoncer,  v.  t.,  to  sink  in,  drive  in. 
enfuir,  s' —  (mil.),  to  run  away, 
engager,  v.  t.,  to  engage;    s' — ,  to 

begin  (as  mil.,  a  battle), 
engin,  m.,  device,  gear. 
enlever,  v.   t.,  to  carry  off;  (mil.), 

to  carry  (a  position), 
ennemi,  m.  (mil.),  enemy, 
ennui,  m.,  annoyance,  regret,  irk- 

someness. 
ennuyer,  v.  t.,  to  annoy ;    s' — ,  to 

be  bored, 
enregistrer,  v.  t.,  to  register,  check ; 

faire  — ,  to  have  checked, 
enseignement,  m.,  instruction, 
enseigner,  v.  t.,  to  teach. 
ensemble,  adv.,  together ;   1' — ,  the 

whole. 
ensuite,  adv.,  afterwards,  then. 
entamer,  v.  t.,  to  break  into, 
entendre,  v.  t.,  to  hear, 
enterrer,  v.  I.,  to  bury. 
entier,  a.,  entire  (feminine,  entiere). 
entourer,  v.  t.,  to  surround, 
entre,  prep.,  between, 
entree,  /.,  entrance, 
entreprise,  f.,  enterprise, 
entrer,  v.  n.,  to  enter,  go  in;     de- 
fense d' — ,  no  admission. 


enveloppe,  /.,  envelope, 
envelopper,  v.  t.,  to  envelop, 
envergure,    /.    (aero.),    spread    (of 

wings). 
environs,  m.  pi.,  neighborhood, 
envoi,  m.  (aero.),  start, 
envoyer,  v.  t.,  to  send, 
epaule,  /.,  shoulder, 
epaulette,  f.  (mil.),  epaulet, 
epingle,    /.,    pin ;     —    de    surete, 

safety  pin. 
eponge,  /.,  sponge, 
epoque,  /.,  epoch,  era,  time, 
eprouver,  v.  t.,  to  feel,  experience, 
epuiser,  v.  t.,  to  exhaust, 
equipage,  in.  (mil.),  equipage,  bag- 
gage, 
equipement,  m.,  equipment, 
escadrille,  /.  (aero.),  escadrille,  air 

squadron, 
escadron,     m.     (mil.),     troop     (of 

cavalry). 
escalier,  m.,  stairs,  staircase  ;  —  de 

service,  back  stairs. 
escompter,  v.  t.,  to  anticipate, 
escouade,  /.  (mil.),  squad, 
espace,  m.,  space, 
espion,  m.,  spy. 

espionnage,  m.,  spying,  espionage, 
espionner,  v.  t.,  to  spy. 
esquisser,  v.  I.,  to  sketch. 
essai,  m.,  trial, 
essayer,  v.  n.  t.,  to  try. 
essence,  /.,  gasoline, 
essieu,  m.,  axle. 

essouffle,  a.,  out  of  breath,  winded, 
essuie-main,  m.,  towel, 
est,  m.,  East  (s  is  pronounced  in  this 

word) . 
estomac,    m.,    stomach    (the    c    is 

silent) . 
et,  conj.,  and. 


138 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


etable,     /.,     stable     (cows,     cattle 

generally), 
etablir,  v.  t.,  to  establish, 
etablissement,  m.,  establishment. 
etat,  m.,  state  ;   condition, 
etat-major,    m.    (mil.),    staff;     — 
d'armee,     de     l'armee,     general 
staff;     —    general    (in    popular 
language,  referring  to  French  staff, 
and  correctly  referring  to  foreign 
armies) ,  general  staff  ;  —  general 
de  l'armee,  all  the  marshals  and 
generals  of  the  (French)   army ; 
grand  — ,  general  staff. 
Etats  Unis,  m.  pi.,  United  States. 
etendard,      m.      (mil.),      standard 

(cavalry) . 
etoile,  /.,  star. 
etonner,  v.  t.,  to  astonish, 
etrange,  a.,  strange, 
etranger,  m.,  stranger,  foreigner, 
etre,  v.  n.,  to  be. 
etrier,  m.,  stirrup, 
etriviere,  /.,  stirrup  leather, 
etroit,  a.,  narrow, 
etui,  m.  (mil.),  cartridge  case, 
etui-musette,  m.  (mil.),  haversack. 
eux,  m.  pi.  pr.,  they  ;   them, 
evacuation,/,  (mil.),  evacuation  (of 

wounded), 
evacuer,   v.   t.    (mil.),   to   evacuate 

(the  wounded). 
evidemment,  adv.,  evidently, 
evident,  a.,  evident. 
exalter,  v.  I.,  to  raise. 
excellence,  /.,  excellence, 
excellent,  a.,  excellent. 
exclure,  v.  t.,  to  exclude, 
executer,  v.  t.,  to  execute. 
execution,  /.,  execution, 
exemple,  m.,  example, 
exercice,  m.,  exercise. 


expedier,  v.  t.,  to  send. 

experimente,  a.,  skilled,  experi- 
enced. 

expliquer,  v.  t.,  to  explain. 

exploiter,  v.  t.,  to  exploit,  drive 
home. 

exploration,  /.,  exploration. 

explorer,  v.  /.,  to  explore. 

exploser,  v.  I.,  to  explode. 

explosif,  m.,  explosive. 

expression,  /.,  expression. 

exprimer,  v.  t.,  to  express. 


fabrique,  /.,  factory, 
fabriquer,  v.  t.,  to  make,  manufac- 
ture, 
face,  /.,  faire  — ,  to  face  about, 
fache,  a.,  sorry  ;   displeased,  vexed  ; 

—  de,  sorry  for,  vexed  at ;     — 

contre,  displeased  with, 
facher,  v.  t.,  to  vex,  offend ;    se  — , 

to  be  angry,  offended, 
facile,  a.,  easy, 
facon,  /.,  fashion,  manner, 
facteur,  m.,  porter ;   postman, 
faction,    /.     (mil.),     sentry     duty, 

sentry-go  ;   en  — ,  on  post, 
factionnaire,  m.  (mil.),  sentry, 
faible,  a.,  feeble, 
faim,  /.,  hunger;    avoir  — ,  to  be 

hungry. 
faire,  v.  t.,  to  make,  do,  cause, 
fait,  m.,  feat,  fact, 
falloir,    v.    n.,     to     be    necessary, 

"  must,  ought,  should." 
fallu,  p.  p.  of  falloir. 
fameux,  «.,  famous;   excellent, 
fanfare,  /.  (mil.),  brass  band, 
fantassin,  m.  (mil.),  infantryman, 
farine,  /.,  flour. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


139 


fascine,  /.  (mil),  fascine. 
fatigue,  /.,  weariness  ;   hardship, 
fatigue,  a.,  wearied,  tired, 
fatiguer,  v.  t.,  to  fatigue. 
fauchage,     m.,     mowing;      (mil.), 

mowing,    mowing    down    (as    by 

machine  gun  fire) . 
faucher,  v.  t.,  to  mow,  mow  down; 

(mil.),     to    mow    down     (as    by 

machine  gun  fire). 
faut,  3d  pers.  pres.  ind.  of  falloir  ; 

il  —  que,  "  must  "   (folloived  by 

the   subjunctive)  ;     comme    il    — , 

well-bred,  polite. 
faute,  /.,  fault,  failure,  fail, 
faux,  a.,  false  (feminine,  fausse). 
femme,  /.,  woman,  wife, 
fenetre,  /.,  window. 
fer,  m.,  iron ;   fil  de  — ,  (iron)  wire. 
ferme,  a.,  firm,  resolute, 
ferme,  /.,  farm. 
fermer,  v.  t.,  to  close, 
fermete,  /.,  firmness,  steadiness. 
feu,  m.,  fire;    cesser  le  —  (mil.), 

to    cease    firing ;     ouvrir    le    — 

(mil.),  to  open  fire, 
feutre,  m.,  felt;    (mil.),   campaign 

hat. 
ficelle,  /.,  string. 

Figaro,    m.,   the    "  Figaro,"    a   cele- 
brated daily  newspaper  of  Paris. 
figure,  /.,  face. 
fil,    m.,  wire ;    thread ;    —  de  fer, 

wire  (iron) ;    —  de  fer  barbele, 

barbed  wire. 
file,  /.,  file. 

filer,  v.  n.,  to  file  by,  go  by. 
filet,    m.,   net ;     baggage   rack    (in 

railway  cars). 
fille,/.,  girl ;  —  publique,  prostitute. 
fils,  m.,  son  (s  is  pronounced,  1  is 

not;  feess). 


fin,  f.,  end  ;   a.,  fine. 

finir,  v.  t.,  to  finish. 

fixe,  a.,  steady;    (mil.),  attention.' 

(under  cover). 
fixer,  v.  t.,  to  fix,  determine, 
flamme,  /.,  flame, 
flanc,  m.  (mil.),  flank, 
flanc-garde,  m.  (mil.),  flanker, 
flanquer,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  flank, 
fleche,    /.,    arrow;     church    spire; 

(art.),  split-trail  half. 
fleuve,  m.,  (large)  river, 
flingot,  m.  (mil.  slang),  rifle,  gun. 
foin,  m.,  hay. 
fois,  /.,  time, 
folle,  feminine  of  fou. 
fonction,  /.,  function, 
fond,  m.,  bottom. 

font,  3d  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of  faire. 
force,  /.,  force, 
foret,  /.,  forest. 
forme,  /.,  form, 
formellement,  adv.,  formally, 
former,  v.  t.,  to  form, 
fort,  a.,  strong,  heavy. 
fort,  m.  (mil.),  fort, 
forteresse,  /.  (mil.),  fortress, 
fortification,  /.  (mil.),  fortification, 
fortifier,  v.  a.  (mil.),  to  fortify, 
fou,  a.,  crazy  (feminine,  folle). 
foule,  /.,  crowd, 
fourchette, /.,  fork;    (art.),  bracket, 

fork;    (mil.  slang),  bayonet. 
fourgon,    m.,    car   (baggage,    etc.) ; 

(mil.),     baggage    wagon,     escort 

wagon  (U.  S.  A.). 
fournir,  v.  t.,  to  furnish, 
fourrage,  m.,  fodder, 
fourragere,  /.  (mil.),  sort  of  aiguil- 

lette. 
fourreau,  m.  (sm.  a.),  scabbard, 
fourrier,    m.    (mil.),   quartermaster 


140 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


(non-commissioned  officer  and 
corporal). 

frais,  a.,  fresh  (feminine,  fraiche). 

frais,  m.  pi.,  cost(s). 

franc,  m.,  franc  (19.3  cents). 

francais,  a.,  French. 

Francais,  m.,  Frenchman. 

France,  /.,  France. 

franchir,  v.  t.,  to  cross;  (esp.  mil.), 
to  cross  the  parapet  for  an  attack  ; 
"  go  over  the  top,"  "  cross  over." 

franchissement,  m.,  crossing  over; 
(esp.  mil.),  "  going  over  the  top," 
"  crossing  over." 

frangine,  /.  (mil.  slang),  sister  (both 
religious  and  natural). 

f rapper,  v.  t.,  to  strike. 

frayer,  v.  t.,  to  open. 

frenetique,  a.,  frenzied. 

frere,  m.,  brother. 

froid,  a.,  m.,  cold;  j'ai  — ,  I  am 
cold  ;  il  fait  — ,  it  is  cold  ;  a.,  cold. 

froideur.  /.,  cold. 

fromage,  m.,  cheese. 

front,  m.,  front ;   forehead. 

frontiere,  /.,  frontier. 

fruit,  m.,  fruit. 

fuir,  v.  n.,  to  run  away. 

fuite,  /.,  flight ;   leak. 

fumee,  /.,  smoke. 

fumer,  v.  n.  t.,  to  smoke. 

fusee,  /.  (art.),  fuse  ;  (mil.),  rocket ; 
—  a  double  effet  (art.),  double- 
action  fuse;  —  eclairante  (mil.), 
flare ;  —  fusante,  time  fuse ;  — 
percutante,  percussion  fuse. 

fusil,  m.  (sm.  a.),  gun,  rifle;  —  a 
repetition,  magazine  rifle. 

fuselage,  m.  (aero.),  fuselage. 

fusele,  n.  (aero.),  stream-lined. 

fusilier,  m.  (mil.),  automatic  rifle- 
man. 


fusillade,/,  (mil.),  fusillade. 

fusilier,  v.  t.,  to  shoot  (execute  by 
shooting). 

fusil-mitrailleur,  m.  (sm.  a.),  auto- 
matic rifle. 


gabion,  m.  (mil.),  gabion. 

gagner,  v.  t.,  to  gain. 

galon,  m.  (mil.),  stripe;  chevrons 
(on  sleeve,  insignia  of  rank). 

galop,  m.,  gallop. 

galoper,  v.  n.,  to  gallop. 

gamelle,  /.  (mil.),  mess-tin. 

gant,  m.,  glove. 

garage,  m.,  garage. 

gar con,  m.,  boy,  waiter ;  (famil- 
iarly), chap,  youngster. 

garde,  /.  (mil.),  guard  ;  corps  de  — , 
guard-room,  guard-house,  guard- 
tent  ;  —  descendante,  old  guard  ; 
descendre  de  — ,  to  march  off 
guard  ;  —  montante,  new  guard  ; 
—  de  police,  quarterguard ; 
prendre  la  — ,  to  march  on 
guard;  —  a  vous  (mil.),  atten- 
tion ! 

garder,  v.  t.,  to  keep,  hold;  (mil.), 
to  guard. 

gare,/.  (it.),  station;  — regulatrice 
(mil.),  receiving  and  dispatching 
station  (receives  all  trains  and  dis- 
patches them  to  destination). 

gargousse,  /.  (art.),  cartridge. 

garnison,  /.  (mil.),  garrison. 

gars,  m.  pi.  (mil.  slang),  the  "  boys  " 
(pronounced  ga  ;  not  really  a  slang 
word). 

gater,  v.  t.,  to  spoil. 

gauche,  a.,  left ;  /.,  left  (side,  hand, 
etc.). 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


141 


gaz,  m.,  gas;  — asphyxiant  (mil.), 
asphyxiating  gas. 

gendarme,  m.,  gendarme. 

gendarmerie,  /.,  gendarmery  (forms 
provost  guard,  in  French  armies). 

general,  m.  (mil.),  general;  —  de 
brigade,  general  of  brigade, 
brigade  commander  (major  gen- 
eral) ;  —  de  division,  general  of 
division,  division  [=  division, 
corps],  commander  (lieutenant 
general)  ;  major  — ,  major  gen- 
eral (in  services  other  than  the 
French). 

generalat,  m.  (mil.),  generalship 
(i.e.,  grade  or  dignity). 

generalissime,  m.  (mil.),  general- 
in-chief. 

general-major,  m.  (mil.),  major 
general. 

Geneve,  /.,  Geneva. 

genie,  m.  (mil.),  engineers. 

genou,  m.,  knee  ;   a  — ,  kneeling. 

gens,  m.  or  f.  pi.,  people,  persons; 
—  de  guerre  (mil.),  warriors. 

gentil,  a.,  pleasing,  polite. 

gerbe,  /.,  sheaf  (as  art.,  of  shrapnel 
bullets) . 

geste,  m.,  gesture,  motion. 

gilet,  m.,  waistcoat,  vest. 

glorifier,  v.  t.,  to  glorify. 

godillots,  m.  pi.  (mil.  slang), 
(soldier)  shoes. 

gonflement,  m.  (aero.,  etc.),  inflation. 

gonfler,  v.  t.  (aero.,  etc.),  to  inflate. 

grace,  /.,  thanks. 

grade,  m.  (mil.),  grade. 

grade,  m.  (mil.),  any  person  having 
a  grade,  but  usually  limited  to 
non-commissioned  officers. 

gradin,  m.,  step  (e.g.,  to  get  out  of  a 
trench) . 


graisse,  /.,  grease. 

graisser,  v.  t.,  to  grease. 

gramme,  m.,  gram. 

grand,  a.,  great,  large;  tall,  big. 

grand'chose,  /.,  great  thing. 

grand'garde,  /.    (mil.),   support  (of 

a  line  of  outposts), 
grand'route,  /.,  high  road. 
Grece,  /.,  Greece. 

grec,  a.,  Greek  (feminine,  grecque). 
grele,  /.,  hail, 
grenade,  /.   (mil.),  grenade;    —  a 

fusil,    rifle    grenade ;     —   incen- 

diaire,  incendiary  grenade  ;   —  a 

main,  hand  grenade. 
grenadier,     m.     (mil.),     grenadier, 

bomber,  bomb-thrower, 
grenier,  m.,  garret, 
grimper,  v.  n.,  to  climb, 
gris,  a.,  gray. 
gros,  a.,  large;    le  —  de  l'armee 

(mil.),    the    main    body    of    the 

army. 
groupe,  m.,  group ;    (art.),  (two  or 

more  batteries),  group, 
gue,  m.,  ford, 
guerre,  /.,  war ;  —  de  mouvement, 

open  warfare ;    —  de  tranchee, 

trench  warfare, 
guetre,  /.,  gaiter;    — s  molletieres, 

leggings. 
guetter,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  keep  an  eye 

on. 
guetteur,  m.  (mil.),  lookout, 
gueule,  /.,  mouth  (dogs  and   other 

animals). 
guichet,  m.,  ticket  window, 
guichetier,  m.,  ticket  seller, 
guide,  m.,  guide, 
guidon,  m.  (sm.  a.),  foresight, 
guitoune,   /.    (mil.    slang),    shelter, 

tent. 


142 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


H 

(Mute  h's  are  starred.) 

*habillement,  m.,  clothing. 

*habiller,  v.  t.,  to  dress,  clothe. 

*habit,  to.,  coat  (tail-coat). 

*habitant,  m.,  inhabitant. 

*habiter,  v.  t.,  to  inhabit. 

*habitude,  /.,  custom ;  acquaint- 
ance with. 

hache.  /.,  ax. 

haie,  /.,  hedge. 

haine,  /.,  hate,  hatred. 

hair,  v.  I.,  to  hate. 

hale,  a.,  tanned. 

*haleine,  /.,  breath. 

hardi,  a.,  bold. 

haricot,  to.,  bean. 

harnachement,  to.,  harness,  equip- 
ment, equipping. 

harnacher,  v.  t.,  to  harness. 

harnais,  m.,  harness  (proper). 

hate,  /.,  haste. 

hater,  v.  t.,  to  hasten. 

hausse,  /.,  rear  sight;  elevation; 
—  de  combat  (sm.  a.),  battle 
sight. 

haut,  a.,  high;   great;  m.,  height. 

hauteur,  /.,  height ;  a  la  —  de, 
as  far  forward  as,  at  the  height  of. 

havresac,  m.  (mil.),  knapsack. 

*hectare,  to.,  hectare  (10,000  square 
meters) . 

*hegemonie,  /.,  leadership. 

helice,  /.,  propeller. 

hennir,  v.  n.,  to  neigh. 

*herbe,  /.,  grass. 

*heroi'que,  a.,  heroic. 

*hesiter,  v.  n.,  to  hesitate. 

*heure,  /.,  hour;  time;  de  bonne 
— ,  early. 

*heureusement,  adv.,  luckily. 


*heureux,  a.,  happy ;   lucky, 
heurter,  v.  t.,  to  knock,  strike,  run 

into ;   se  —  contre,  to  strike. 
*hier,  adv.,  yesterday. 
*histoire,  /.,  history. 
'homme,  to.,  man. 
Hongrie,  /.,  Hungary, 
hongrois,  a.,  Hungarian. 
¥honneur,  m.,  honor. 
*hopital,  to.,  hospital;    —  de  l'in- 

terieur,  base  hospital. 
*horaire,  m.,  time-table. 
horizon,  m.,  horizon, 
horizontal,  a.,  horizontal. 
*horloge,  /.,  clock  (public). 
hors,  prep.,  apart  from  ;   outside  of. 
*hotel,  m.,  hotel. 

*huile,  /.,  oil ;  les  — s,  staff  officers, 
huitaine,/.,  eight  days  (duration  of). 
hussard,  to.  (mil.),  hussar. 


ici,  adv.,  here. 

idee,  /.,  idea. 

ignorer,  o.  I.,  to  be  ignorant  of,  not 
to  know. 

il,  pr.,  he  ;  — y  a,  there  is,  there  are  ; 
—  y  avait  imprudence,  it  would 
have  been  unwise. 

ile,  /.,  island. 

imaginer,  v.  t.,  to  imagine. 

immobiliser,  v.  L,  to  make  station- 
ary, keep  (in  a  given  place). 

importance,  /.,  importance. 

importer,  v.  n.,  to  be  important,  be  ' 
a     question     of ;      n'importe,     it 
makes  no  difference,  it  is  of  no 
consequence. 

impot,  m.,  tax. 

impuissant,  a.,  powerless. 

incendie,  m.,  fire,  conflagration. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


143 


incendier,  v.  t.,  to  set  on  fire. 

incontestable,  a.,  indisputable. 

indiquer,  v.  t.,  to  indicate. 

inexpugnable,  a.,  impregnable. 

infanterie,  /.  {mil.),  infantry. 

infiltration,  /.,  infiltration;  {mil.), 
"sifting"  of  troops  {e.g.,  into  a 
wood  or  close  to  a  position). 

infiltrer,  v.  t.,  to  infiltrate;  {mil.), 
to  "  sift  "  through  {e.g.,  into  a 
wood,  or  close  to  a  position). 

infirmier,  m.  {mil.),  nurse  {male), 
corps  man,  U.  S.  A. 

infirmiere,  /.  {mil.),  nurse  {female). 

inflechir,  v.  t.,  to  bend ;  s' — ,  to 
incline. 

ingenieur,  m.,  engineer. 

inondation,  /.,  inundation. 

inonder,  v.  I.,  to  inundate. 

insigne,  m.  {in  pi.),  insignia;  — s 
de  grade  {mil.),  insignia  of  rank. 

installer,  v.  t.,  to  install. 

instructeur,  m.  {mil.),  instructor  (of 
troops  at  drill  and  exercises) . 

intact,  a.,  intact. 

intenable,  a.,  untenable  {e.g.,  mil.,  a 
position) . 

intendance,  /.  (Fr.  a.),  quarter- 
master corps. 

intendant,  m.  {Fr.  a.),  {an  officer  of 
the  intendance),  quartermaster ; 
—  general,  chief  quartermaster 
{senior  grade  of  the  intendance, 
assimilated  to  general  de  divi- 
sion) ;  —  militaire,  chief  quarter- 
master {second  grade  of  the  in- 
tendance, assimilated  to  general 
de  brigade). 

intense,  a.,  intense. 

interet,  m.,  interest. 
interprete,  m.,  interpreter, 
interrogation,  /.,  interrogation. 


interroger,  v.  t.,  to  question,  in- 
terrogate. 

interrompre,  v.  t.,  to  interrupt. 

interruption,  /.,  interruption. 

intransportable,  a.,  untransport- 
able. 

inutile,  a.,  useless. 

inviolable,  a.,  inviolable. 

Italie,  Italy. 

italien,  a.,  Italian. 

ivre,  a.,  drunk. 

ivresse,  /.,  drunkenness. 

ivrogne,  m.,  drunkard. 


jalon,  m.,  stake. 
jalonnement,  m.,  staking  out. 
jalonner,  v.  t.,  to  stake  out. 
jamais,  adv.,  ever;   ne  — ,  never, 
jambe,  /.,  leg ;  —  de  force,  stay. 
jambon,  m.,  ham. 
jante,  /.,  belly. 
jardin,    m.,    garden;     —    potager, 

kitchen  garden, 
jaune,  a.,  yellow, 
je,  pr.,  I. 
jet,  m.,  jet. 
jeter,  v.  t.,  to  throw, 
jeu,  m.,  game ;   play, 
jeune,  a.,  young, 
joie,  /.,  joy. 
joindre,  v.  t.,  to  join, 
joint,  m.,  joint. 
joli,  a.,  pretty, 
jouer,  v.  n.,  to  play, 
jour,  m.,  day  {with  special  reference 

to  date). 
journal,  m.,  newspaper. 
journalier,  a.,  daily, 
journee,  /.,  day  {duration,  or  with 

reference  to  what  happened  on  a 

particular  day). 


144 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


jugulaire,  /.  (mil.),  chinstrap. 

jumelle,  /.,  field  glass. 

jument,  /.,  mare. 

jusque,  prep.,  to,  as  far  as. 

juste,  a.,  just. 

justement,  adv.,  justly  ;   precisely. 


kaki,  to.  (mil.),  khaki, 
kepi,  to.  (mil.),  (French)  forage  cap. 
kilo,  to.,  kilogram, 
kilogramme,  in.,  kilogram  (2.2  lb.). 
kilometre,    m.,    kilometer    (roughly 
$  of  a  mile). 


la,   /.    pr.,    she;     it    (for  feminine 

things) . 
la,  adv.,  there. 

la-bas,  adv.,  over  there,  over  yonder, 
lac,  m.,  lake. 

lacet,  m.,  shoe-lace;    (mil.),  zigzag, 
lache,  a.,  m.,  coward, 
la-dessus,  adv.,  thereupon, 
la-haut,  adv.,  up  there, 
laine,  /.,  wool, 
laisser,  v.  t.,  to  leave,  allow, 
lait,  m.,  milk, 
lampe,  /.,  lamp, 
lancement,   to.,   throwing   (as  of  a 

grenade) . 
lancer,  v.  t.,  to  throw  (as  a  grenade). 
langue,  f.,  tongue, 
lard,  to.,  bacon, 
large,    a.,    wide;     au    — !    (mil.), 

Keep  off !   Keep  wide ! 
largeur,  /.,  width. 
latrine,  /.  (mil.),  latrine. 
lavabo,  m.,  washstand. 


laver,  v.  t.,  to  wash. 

le,  to.  pr.,  he ;  it  (for  masculine 
things) . 

leger,  a.,  light  (feminine,  legere) . 

legere,  /.  of  leger;  la  —  (Fr.  a.), 
light  cavalry. 

legume,  to.,  vegetable. 

les,  art.  and  pi.  pr.,  the ;    them. 

lettre,  /.,  letter ;  en  toutes  — s,  in 
full. 

leur,  pr.,  their,  to  them. 

lever,  v.  t.,  to  raise,  lift ;  se  — ,  to 
get  up  (in  the  morning)  ;  —  un 
plan,  to  survey,  make  a  survey. 

levier,  to.,  lever. 

levre,  /.,  lip. 

liaison,  /.  (mil.),  connection  (we 
have  no  good  word  for  this,  and 
had  better  adopt  the  French  term)  ; 
liaison. 

liberation,/,  (mil.),  discharge  (from 
service) . 

liberer,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  discharge 
(from  service). 

lien,  m.,  bond. 

lier,  v.  t.,  to  tie. 

lieu,  m.,  place. 

lieutenant,  m.  (mil.),  lieutenant. 

lieutenant-colonel,  to.  (mil.),  lieu- 
tenant colonel. 

ligne,  /.,  line;  (mil.),  line;  —  de 
feu  (mil.),  firing  line;  —  de 
mire  (art.),  line  of  sight;  —  de 
resistance  (mil.),  line  of  re- 
sistance, line  of  trenches  of  the 
first  line;  —  de  soutien  (mil.), 
line  of  support,  of  supporting 
trenches. 

linge,  m.,  linen,  underclothes. 

liquide,  m.,  liquid ;  —  enflamme 
(mil.),  liquid  fire. 

liste,  /.,  list. 


FRENCH  ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


145 


lit,  to.,  bed. 

litre,  to.,  liter  (1.06  quarts). 

livre,  to.,  book. 

livret,  to.  (mil.),  soldier's  pocket- 
book. 

local,  a.,  local. 

locomotive,  /.,  locomotive. 

loger,  v.  t.,  to  lodge. 

loin,  adv.,  far. 

long,  a.,  long  (feminine,  longue). 

longueur,  /.,  length. 

lorsque,  conj.,  when. 

louer,  v.  t.,  to  hire. 

lourd,  a.,  heavy. 

lui,  pr.,  he  ;   him. 

lumiere,  /.,  light. 

lumineux,  a.,  luminous. 

lune,  /.,  moon. 

lunette,  /.,  telescope;  (in  pi.), 
spectacles,  goggles. 

lutte,  /.,  struggle. 

M 

machin,    m.    (Jam.),    what-do-you- 

call-it,  thingumbob, 
machine,  /.,  machine, 
magasin,  to.,  magazine,  store, 
magistralement,  adv.,  in  a  masterful 

fashion, 
main,  /.,   hand ;     a  la  — ,   in   the 

hand ;     in    his    hand ;     aux   — s, 

engaged,  in  action ;    la  —  dans 

le  rang  (mil.),  the  hand  by  the 

side, 
mainte'nant,  adv.,  now. 
maintenir,  v.  t.,  to  maintain  ;  se  — , 

to  hold  one's  ground, 
maire,  to.,  mayor, 
mairie,  /.,  mayor's  office, 
mais,  conj.,  but. 
mais,  m.,  corn. 

L 


maison,  /.,  house. 

maitre,  m.,  master. 

major,  to.  (Ft.  a.),  field  officer  m 
charge  of  regimental  administra- 
tion ;  (Fr.  a.),  grade  in  the 
medical  corps  (major  and  cap- 
tain) ;  —  des  attaques  (mil.), 
engineer  officer  in  charge  of 
working  parties ;  —  de  la  garni- 
son  (mil.),  administrative  officer 
of  a  garrison. 

major  general,  to.  (mil.),  (in  war, 
Fr.  a.),  chief  of  the  general  staff 
(general  is  here  an  adjective). 

mal,  m.,  evil,  harm  (plural  maux)  ; 
adv.,  ill,  wrong ;  —  de  pays, 
homesickness. 

malade,  a.,  m.,  sick. 

maladie,  /.,  sickness. 

malheur,  /.,  misfortune. 

manger,  v.  t.,  to  eat. 

maniere,  /.,  manner,  method. 

manoeuvre,  /.  (mil.),  maneuver. 

manceuvrer,  v.  n.  (mil.),  to  ma- 
neuver. 

manquer,  v.  n.  /.,  to  miss. 

manteau,  to.  (mil.),  overcoat;  — 
de  pluie,  raincoat. 

marais,  to.,  swamp,  bog. 

marchand,  w.,  merchant. 

marchandise,  /.,  merchandise. 

marche,  /.  (mil.),  march. 

marche,  to.,  market ;  a  bon  - — , 
cheap. 

marcher,  v.  n.,  to  walk;  (mil.),  to 
march. 

mare,  /.,  pool. 

marecage,  to.,  marsh. 

marecageux,  a.,  swampy. 

marechal,  w.,  horse-shoer;  (mil.), 
marshal,  field  marshal ;  —  fer- 
rant,   blacksmith ;    —   des   logis 


146 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


(Fr.     a.),      sergeant      (mounted 

troops  and  foot  artillery), 
marechalat,  m.,  marshalship. 
maree,  /.,    tide;    —    descendante, 

ebb    tide ;     —    montante,    flood 

tide, 
mari,  m.,  husband, 
marin,  a.,  sea,  seafaring ;  m.,  sailor, 
marine,  /.,  navy. 
marmite,  /.,    kettle;     (mil.   slang), 

large  shell, 
marque,  /.,  mark, 
marquer,  v.  t.,  to  mark. 
Marseillaise,        /.,         Marseillaise 

(French  national  hymn). 
marteau,  m.,  hammer, 
masque,  m.,  mask. 
masse,  /.,   mass;     (dec),   ground; 

(mil.),  mass. 
mat,  m.,  mast. 
matelas,  m.,  mattress, 
matelot,  m.,  sailor. 
materiel,  m.,  material, 
matiere,  /.,  matter ;   — s  premieres, 

raw  materials. 
matin,  m.,  morning, 
maudit,  a.,  cursed,  wretched, 
mecanicien,  m.,  engineer, 
meche,  /.,  wick  ;   (mil.),  slowmatch, 

fuse. 
mecontent,  a.,  displeased, 
medaille,  /.,  medal, 
medecin,  m.,  doctor,  surgeon ;    — 

principal,     (grade)     colonel     and 

surgeon, 
medecin-chef,  m.,  chief  surgeon, 
medecin-major,  m.  (Fr.  a.),  (grade) 

major  and  surgeon, 
medecine,  /.,  medicine, 
meilleur,  a.,  better  (comparative  of 

bon). 
melee,  /.,  fight. 


meler,  v.  t.,  to  mix  ;  s'en  — ,  to  take 

a  hand, 
melon,   to.,   melon;     (Jam.),   darby 

hat. 
meme,  a.,  same ;    etre  a  —  de,  to 

be  in  a  position  to. 
memorable,  a.,  memorable. 
menacer,  v.  t.,  to  menace,  threaten, 
mener,  v.  t.,  to  lead,  take, 
menton,  to.,  chin, 
mer,  /.,  sea. 
mere,  /.,  mother, 
meriter,  v.  t.,  to  deserve. 
mes,  pi.  pr.,  my. 
messe,  /.,    mass    (Roman   Catholic 

Church). 
messieurs,      m.      pi.      (plural     of 

monsieur),  gentlemen, 
mesure,  /.,  measure  ;   prendre  —  a, 

to  take  the  measure  of. 
metre,  to.,  meter  (3.28  ft.), 
metro,    m.,    the    subway    at    Paris 

(abbreviation  of  metropolitain). 
mettre,  v.  L,  to  put ;   se  —  a,  to  set 

about. 
meuble,  m.,  piece  of  furniture, 
meurtrier,  a.  (mil.),  deadly, 
meurtriere,  /.,  loophole, 
midi,    m.,    noon ;     the    South    of 

France, 
mieux,  adv.,  better, 
milieu,  m.,  middle, 
militaire,  a.,  military;   m.,  soldier, 
millier,  to.,  thousand, 
millimetre,  >?>.,  millimeter  (0".04). 
million,  m.,  million, 
mine,  /.,  mine, 
miner,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  mine, 
minuit,  m.,  midnight, 
minute,  /.,  minute, 
mire,  /.  (mil.),  sight, 
miroir,  m.,  mirror. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


147 


mission,  /.,  mission. 

mitrailleuse,  /.  (mil.),  machine  gun. 

mobilier,  m.,  furniture. 

moins,  au  — ,  at  least. 

mois,  m.,  month. 

mollet,  m.,  calf  (of  the  leg). 

molletiere, /.  (mil.),  gaiter. 

moment,  m.,  moment. 

mon,  pr.,  my. 

monde,  m.,  world ;  tout  le  — , 
everybody. 

moniteur,  m.,  adviser,  teacher. 

monnaie,  /.,  change;  Avez-vous  la 
—  de  20  francs  ?  Can  you  change 
20  francs? 

monoplace,  m.  (aero.),  single  seater. 

monoplan,  m.  (aero.),  monoplane. 

monsieur,  m.  gentleman ;  (in  ad- 
dress), sir. 

monter,  v.  n.,  to  go  up ;  —  a 
cheval,  to  ride ;  —  dans  un 
train,  to  get  on  a  train. 

montre,  /.,  watch. 

montre-bracelet,  /.,  wrist-watch. 

montrer,  v.  t.,  to  show. 

moral,  m.  (mil.),  morale  (morale, 
in  French,  means  ethics). 

mors,  m.,  bit. 

mort,  /.,  death. 

mort,  a.,  dead. 

mortier,  m.,  mortar;  (art.),  mor- 
tar ;  —  de  tranchee  (mil.),  trench 
mortar. 

mot,  m.,  word;  (mil.),  counter- 
sign; —  d'ordre  (mil.),  the  first 
element  of  the  mot  (name  of  a 
great  general,  etc.)  is  the  answer 
to  a  sentry's  challenge ;  —  de 
ralliement  (mil.),  the  second 
element  of  the  mot  (name  of  a 
battle,  etc.)  is  the  answer  to  the 
mot  d'ordre. 


moteur,  to.,  motor. 

mouchoir,  m.,  handkerchief. 

moulin,  m.,  mill ;  —  a  cafe,  coffee 
mill ;    (mil.  slang),  machine  gun. 

mourir,  v.  n.,  to  die. 

moustache,  /.,  mustache. 

moustique,  m.,  mosquito. 

mouvement,  m.,  movement,  mo- 
tion. 

mouvoir,  v.  t.,  to  move. 

moyen,  m.,  means,  way,  method. 

moyen,  a.,  mean;  en  moyenne, 
on  the  average. 

moyeu,  m.,  hub. 

mulet,  m.,  mule. 

mur,  to.,  wall. 

muraille,  /.,  wall  (suggests  protec- 
tion), any  great  or  important 
wall. 

musique,  /.,  music  ;    (mil.),  band. 

N 

nacelle,  /.,  (aero.)  car,  body. 

nager,  v.  n.,  to  swim. 

naissance,  /.,  birth. 

naitre,  v.  n.,  to  be  born. 

nappe,  /.,  tablecloth. 

narines,  /.  pi.,  nostrils. 

nationality ,  /.,  nationality. 

naturellement,  adv.,  naturally. 

navet,  m.,  turnip. 

navire,    to.,    ship ;     —    de    guerre, 

warship. 
ne,  adv.,  not;    ne  —  que   (with  a 

verb),  only, 
necessaire,  a.,  necessary. 
neige,  /.,  snow, 
neiger,  v.  n.,  to  snow. 
nettoyage,     to.,     cleaning;      (mil.), 

cleaning,      "  mopping     up  "     of 

trenches. 


148 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


nettoyer,  v.  t.,  to  clean;  (mil.),  to 
clean,  "  mop  up  "  a  trench. 

neuf,  a.,  new  (feminine,  neuve)  (op- 
posite of  old) . 

neutrality,  /.,  neutrality. 

neutre,  a.,  neutral. 

nez,  to.,  nose. 

niveau,  to.,  level. 

nceud,  m.,  knot. 

noir,  a.,  black. 

nom,  m.,  name. 

nombre,  m.,  number. 

nombreux,  a.,  numerous. 

nommer,  v.  t.,  to  name. 

non,  adv.,  no. 

nord,  m.,  north. 

notamment,  adv.,  especially. 

note,  /.,  note. 

noter,  v.  t.,  to  note. 

notre,  pr.  poss.,  ours. 

des  notres,  of  our  side,  of  our 
men. 

nourriture,  /.,  food ;  —  chez 
l'habitant,  subsistence  in  private 
houses. 

nous,  to.  pi.  pr.,  we;  us. 

nouveau,  a.,  new ;  (before  a  voicel, 
nouvel,  feminine,  nouvelle)  (new 
in  the  sense  of  recent) . 

nouvelle,  /.,  news. 

noyer,  v.  t.,  to  drown. 

nu,  a.,  bare,  naked;  a  — ,  bare- 
back. 

nuage,  m.,  cloud. 

nuit,  /.,  night. 

nul,  a.,  null ;   no  one. 

nullement,  adv.,  not  in  the  least. 

numero,  to.,  number  (nombre  is 
number  in  the  arithmetical  sense; 
numero  is  a  number  in  a  series; 
the  number  of  a  house  is 
numero). 


objectif,  m.  (mil.),  objective. 

objet.  m.,  object. 

obscur,  a.,  dark. 

observation,  /.  (mil.,  etc.),  observa- 
tion. 

observatoire,  m.  (mil.),  observing 
post. 

observer,  v.  t.  (mil.,  etc.),  to  observe. 

obstruer,  v.  t.,  to  obstruct. 

obtenir,  v.  t.,  to  obtain. 

obtenu,  p.  p.  of  obtenir. 

obus,  m.  (art.),  shell;  —  a  balles, 
shrapnel ;  —  explosif ,  high  ex- 
plosive shell ;  suivre  ses  — 
(mil.),  to  follow'  one's  shell  (of 
troops  following  up  a  barrage  fire) . 

obusier,  m.  (art.),  howitzer. 

obusite,  /.  (mil.) ,  shell  shock. 

occasion,  /.,  occasion,  opportunity. 

occupation,  /.,  occupation. 

occuper,  v.  t.,  to  occupy. 

ceil,  w.,  eye  (plural  yeux). 

ceillet,  w.,  eyelet. 

oeuf,  m.,  egg  (f  is  pronounced  in 
singular,  but  not  in  plural). 

ceuvre,  /.,  work. 

offensif,  a.,  offensive. 

offensive,  /.  (mil.),  the  offensive. 

office,  m.,  pantry  ;   divine  service. 

officier,  m.  (mil.,  etc.),  officer;  — 
d'administration  (Fr.  a.),  execu- 
tive officer  of  the  intendances 
—  general,  general  officer ;  — 
d'ordonnance,  aide-de-camp ; 
orderly  officer  (do  not  translate 
this  ordnance  officer)  ;  —  sub- 
alterne,  company  officer;  — 
superieur,  field  officer. 

offrir,  v.  t.,  to  offer. 

oiseau,  m.,  bird. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


149 


on,  pr.,  one  (in  expressions  like 
on  dit,  one  says,  i.e.,  it  is  said, 
on  a  vu,  people  have  seen, 
these  may  often  be  advantageously 
translated  by  a  passive  in  Eng- 
lish) . 

ongle,  m.,  nail  (of  the  hand). 

ont,  3d  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of  avoir. 

operation,  /.,  operation. 

operer,  v.  t.,  to  operate. 

opposer,  v.  t.,  to  oppose. 

or,  conj.,  how. 

or,  m.,  gold. 

orage,  m.,  thunderstorm. 

ordonnance,  /.  (mil.),  orderly  (this 
is  not  ordnance)  ;  (medical) , 
prescription. 

ordre,  m.  (mil.,  etc.),  order  (i.e., 
direction,  disposition  of  troops, 
sequence,  etc.). 

oreille,  /.,  ear. 

oreiller,  m.,  pillow ;  taie  d' — , 
pillow  case. 

organisation,  /.,  organization. 

organiser,  v.  t.,  to  organize. 

orge,  /.,  barley. 

orient,  m.,  the  East;  l'extreme  — , 
the  Far  East. 

origine,  /.,  origin. 

orme,  m.,  elm. 

orteil,  m.,  big  toe. 

os,  m.,  bone  (the  s  is  pronounced). 

ou,  conj.,  or ;   —  bien,  or  else. 

ou,  adv.,  where. 

oublier,  v.  t.,  to  forget. 

ouest,  m.,  west. 

oui,  adv.,  yes. 

outil,  m.,  tool. 

outillage,  m.,  tool  outfit,  plant. 

ouvert  (p.  p.  of  ouvrir),  opened; 
open. 

ouverture,  /.,  opening. 


ouvrage,    m.,    work;     (mil.),   work 

(i.e.,  fort). 
ouvrier,  m.,  workman, 
ouvrir,  v.  t.,  to  open. 


paille,     /.,      straw ;      —     hachee, 

chopped  straw. 
pain,  m.,  bread;    —  de  munition, 

army  bread. 
paix,  /.,  peace, 
palan,  m.,  tackle, 
palme,  /.,  palm;    (mil.),  the  palm 

on    the    ribbon    of    the    French 

military    medal,    given    for    an 

additional  deed  of  valor, 
panier,  m.,  basket, 
panne,  /.,  "  trouble  "  (auto,  aero.). 
pansement,  m.,  dressing  (the  dress- 
ing itself;  the  operation  of  dressing 

a  wound). 
panser,  v.  t.,  to  dress  (a  wound), 
pantalon,  m.,  trousers. 
papier,     m.,     paper;      —     buvard, 

blotting    paper ;     —     a    lettres, 

letter  paper, 
paquet,  m.,  package,  parcel ;  —  de 

pansement         (mil.),        first-aid 

packet,  dressing, 
par,  prep.,  by. 
parage,  m.,  region, 
paraitre,  v.  n.,  to  appear, 
parallele,  /.,    (mil.),    parallel  (i.e., 

trench) . 
parapet,  m.  (mil.),  parapet, 
parapluie,  m.,  umbrella, 
pare,  m.,  park;    (mil.),  park  (i.e., 

depot  of  equipment,  stores,  etc.). 
parcours,  m.,  length,  circuit, 
par-dessus,  prep.,  over, 
pareil,  a.,  similar. 


150 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


parements,    m.    pi.    (mil.),    facings 

.     (of  a  uniform). 

parer,  v.  t.,  to  ward  off. 

parfait,  a.,  perfect. 

parfaitement,  adv.,  perfectly. 

parfois,  adv.,  sometimes. 

parler,  v.  n.,  to  speak. 

paroi,   /.,    wall    (inside    walls    of    a 

house), 
paroisse,  /.,  parish, 
parole,  /.,  word, 
part,  /.,   part,   share;    quelque  — , 

somewhere, 
parti,  m.,  party,  side. 
partie,  /.,  part  (of  a  whole). 
partir,  v.  n.,  to  leave,  set  out. 
partout,  adv.,  everywhere. 
paru,  p.  p.  of  paraitre. 
pas,  adv.,  not  (requires  ne  to  com- 
plete  the    negation,    ne  .  .  .  — , 
not), 
pas,  m.,  step,  pace, 
passage,  m.,  passage;   crossing;  — 

a  niveau  (rr.),  level  crossing, 
passager,  m.,  passenger  (in  a  vessel 

at  sea). 
passer,  v.  t.,  to  pass;    (mil.),  to  be 
promoted ;     —    colonel,    to    be 
promoted    colonel ;    passe    pour, 
let  go. 
Patrie,  /.,  Fatherland, 
patrouille,  /.  (mil.),  patrol, 
patrouiller,  v.  n.  (mil.),  to  patrol, 
patte,  /.,  paw  ;   tongue, 
pauvre,  a.,  poor, 
pave,  m.,  pavement, 
payer,  v.  t.,  to  pay. 
payeur,  m.  (mil.),  paymaster, 
pays,     m.,     country,     countryside, 

"  home." 
peau,  /.,  skin. 
peigne,  m.,  comb. 


peigner,  v.  t.,  to  comb. 

peine,  /.,  trouble. 

pelle,  /.,  shovel. 

peloton,   m.,    platoon;     (art.),   gun 
detachment. 

pendant,  prep.,  during. 

pendule,   m.,   pendulum ;    /.,  clock 
(chimney  clock). 

penetrer,  v.  t.  n.,  to  penetrate. 

pensee,  /.,  thought,  idea. 

penser,  v.  n.,  to  think. 

pension,  /.,  pension. 

pente,  /.,  slope. 

percer,  v.  t.,  to  pierce. 

percutant,  a.  (art.,  sm.  a.),  percus- 
sion, striking. 

percuteur,  m.  (art.,  sm.  a.),  striker. 

perdre,  v.  t.,  to  lose. 

pere,  m.,  father. 

peril,  m.,  peril,  danger;  a  ses 
risques  et  — s,  at  one's  own  risk. 

perilleux,  a.,  perilous. 

permettre,  v.  t.,  to  allow. 

perpendiculaire,  a.,  perpendicular. 

personne,  /.,  person  ;  une  jeune  — , 
a  young  lady. 

personnel,  m.,  personnel. 

perte,  /.,  loss. 

petard,  m.  (mil.),  petard,  demoli- 
tion cartridge. 

petit,  a.,  small. 

peu,  adv.,  little  ;  m.,  small  quantity. 

peuplier,  m.,  poplar. 

peur,  /.,  fear;  avoir  — ,  to  be 
afraid. 

peut-etre,  adv.,  perhaps. 

physionomie,  /.,  aspect,  character. 

pic,  ?«.,  pick. 

piece,  /.,  piece;  (art.),  gun;  —  de 
campagne  (art.),  field  gun;  — s 
de  rechange,  spare  parts,  spares; 
—  de  siege  (art.),  siege  gun. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


151 


pied,  to.,  foot ;   prendre  — ,  to  gain 

a  foothold, 
pierre,  /.,  stone, 
pieu,  to.,  stake. 
pilote,  to.,  pilot, 
pilotis,  to.,  pile. 
pin,  to.,  pine, 
pinard,  to.,  common  wine, 
pionnier,    to.    (mil.),    pioneer,    en- 
gineer, 
pipe,  /.,  pipe, 
piquer,  v.  t.,  to  stick,  prick ;    (aero.), 

to  dive;    —  du  nez   (aero.),  to 

nose  dive, 
piquet,  to.,  picket, 
piste,  /.,  trail,  track, 
pistolet,  to.  (sto.  a.),  pistol. 
piston,  to.,  piston. 
place,  /.,  place;    (mil.),  a  fortified 

position,  e.g.,  la  —  de  Verdun, 
placer,  v.  t.,  to  place, 
plafond,  m.,  ceiling. 
plaine,  /.,  plain, 
plaire,  v.  n.,  to  please  (takes  a  after 

it) ;   s'il  vous  plait,  if  you  please 

or  please. 
plaisir,  to.,  pleasure.- 
plan,  m.,  plane;   plan, 
plancher,  to.,  floor, 
plaque,  /.,  plate  (in  a  technological 

sense) . 
plat,  to.,  dish, 
plat,  a.,  flat. 

plate-forme,  /.,  platform, 
platine,  /.  (sto.  a.),  lock, 
plein,  a.,  full. 
pi eu voir,  v.  n.,  to  rain, 
pli,  to.,  fold. 
pliant,  to.,  camp  stool, 
plier,  v.  t.,  to  bend, 
plomb,  m.,  lead, 
plonger,  v.  n.,  to  dive. 


pluie,  /.,  rain. 

plume,  /.,  pen ;   feather. 

plus,  adv.,  more ;  ne  .  .  .  — ,  no 
more ;  de  —  en  — ,  more  and 
more. 

plutot,  adv.,  rather. 

poche,  /.,  pocket. 

poids,  to.,  weight  (d  and  s  are 
silent) . 

poignet,  to.,  wrist. 

poilu,  to.  (mil.  slang),  French 
soldier. 

point,  to.,  point. 

pointage,  to.  (mil.),  aiming;  point 
de  —  (art.),  aiming  point. 

pointe,  /.,  point  (anything  sharp  or 
sharpened) . 

pointer,  v.  t.,  to  aim. 

pointeur,  to.  (art.),  gunner  (aims  the 
piece). 

pois,  to.,  pea. 

poisson,  to.,  fish. 

poitrine,  /.,  chest. 

poivre,  to.,  pepper. 

police,  /.,  police. 

polir,  v.  t.,  to  polish. 

pomme,  /.,  apple ;  —  de  terre, 
potato. 

pont,  to.,  bridge;  axle  (and  acces- 
sories) of  a  motor  car ;  —  de 
bateaux  (mil.),  bridge  of  boats; 
—  de  chevalets  (mil.),  trestle 
bridge;  —  de  pontons  (mil.), 
pontoon  bridge ;  —  suspendu, 
suspension  bridge. 

pontage,  to.  (mil.),  bridge  laying. 

ponton,  to.  (mil.),  pontoon. 

pontet,  to.  (sto.  a.),  trigger  guard. 

pore,  to.,  pork;   hog. 

porte,  /.,  door  ;  —  de  la  rue,  street 
door,  main  entrance. 

porte-cigarettes,  m.,  cigarette  case. 


152 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


portee,  /.  (art.,  sm.  a.),  range. 

porte-feuille,  m.,  pocket  book. 

porte-monnaie,  m.,  purse. 

porter,  v.  t.,  to  carry;  (of  clothes), 
to  wear. 

porteur,  m.,  bearer;  near  horse  (of 
a  team). 

poser,  v.  t.,  to  place,  set  down. 

position,  /.,  position. 

possible,  a.,  possible. 

poste,  /.,  post  office;  —  restante, 
general  delivery. 

poste,  m.  (mil.,  etc.),  post;  —  de 
commandement  (mil.),  com- 
manding officer's  post ;  — 
d'ecoute  (mil.),  listening  post; 
—  d'observation  (mil.),  observ- 
ing post. 

poteau,  m.,  post. 

pouce,  m.t  thumb. 

poudre,  /.,  powder. 

poulet,  m.,  chicken. 

poulie,  /.,  pulley. 

pour,  prep.,  for. 

pourboire,  m.,  tip. 

pourquoi,  conj.,  why. 

pour  suite,  /.  (mil.),  pursuit. 

poursuivre,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  pursue. 

pourtant,  adv.,  however. 

pourvu  que,  conj.,  provided  that. 

pousser,  v.  t.,  to  push. 

poussiere,  /.,  dust. 

pouvoir,  v.  t.,  to  be  able;  p.  p., 
pu. 

praticable,  a.,  practicable. 

pratique,  a.,  practical. 

pratiquer,  v.  t.,  to  make;  —  un 
chemin,  to  cut  a  road. 

preceder,  v.  t.,  to  precede. 

precipite,  a.,  precipitate,  hasty. 

preferer,  v.  t.,  to  prefer. 

premier,  a.,  first. 


prenant,  pres.  part,  of  prendre,  to 

take, 
prendre,  v.  t.,  to  take ;   —  a  partie, 

to  take  in  hand, 
preparation,  /.,  preparation, 
preparer,  v.  t.,  to  prepare, 
pres,  adv.,  near, 
present,  m.,  present, 
presenter,  v.  t.,  to  present, 
presque,  adv.,  almost, 
presse,  a.,  hurried;    etre  — ,  to  be 

in  a  hurry, 
pression,  /.  (steam,  etc.),  pressure, 
pret,  m.  (mil.),  pay  (enlisted  men). 
prefer,  v.  t.,  to  lend,  leave  exposed, 
pretre,  m.,  priest, 
prevoir,  v.  t.,  to  foresee, 
prevot,  m.  (mil.),  provost. 
pris,  p.  p.  of  prendre,  taken, 
prise,  /.  (mil.),  capture, 
prisonnier,  m.,  prisoner, 
privation,  /.,  privation. 
prix,  m.,  price, 
probable,  a.,  probable, 
procede,  m.,  procedure,  process, 
prochain,  a.,  next;    neighboring, 
produire,  v.  t.,  to  produce, 
profil,  m.,  profile. 
profond,  a.,  deep, 
profondeur,  /.,  depth, 
projectile,  m.  (afT.),  projectile, 
prolong!,  a.,  prolonged, 
promenade,  /.,  promenade,  trip, 
promener,  v.  t.,  to  take  out  for  a 

walk ;    se  — ,  to  take  a  walk, 
prophete,  m.,  prophet, 
propre,  a.,  clean, 
proprete,  /.,  cleanliness. 
protection,  /.,  protection, 
proteger,  v.  t.,  to  protect, 
prouver,  v.  t.,  to  prove, 
province,  /.,  province. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


153 


provision,  /.,  provision,  supply. 

provoquer,  v.  t.,  to  provoke,  cause. 

Prusse,  /.,  Prussia. 

prussien,  a.,  Prussian. 

puis,  adv.,  then. 

puisard,  m.,  sump. 

puissance,  /.,  power ;  —  ascension- 

nelle,  {aero.),  lifting  power, 
puissant,  a.,  powerful. 
puits,  m.,  well  (t  and  s  are  silent). 


quai,  m.,  wharf  ;    (rr.),  platform. 

quand,  conj.,  when  ;  —  meme,  even 
so,  all  the  same. 

quant,  adv.,  as,  respecting. 

quart,  m.,  quarter;    (mil.),  tin  cup. 

quartier-general,  m.  (mil.),  head- 
quarters. 

que,  pr.,  whom  ;   which. 

quelque,  a.,  some. 

question,  /.,  question. 

queue,  f.,  tail. 

qui,  pr.,  who. 

quitte,  a.,  free. 

quitter,  v.  t.,  to  leave,  quit. 

quoi,  pr.,  what. 


rabattre,  v.  t.,  to  turn  down,  fold 

over. 
rabattu   (p.    p.    of  rabattre)    (of  a 

collar),  turned  down. 
rabiau,  m.  (mil.  slang),  "  butt,"  i.e., 

leavings. 
raccommoder,  v.  t.,  to  mend. 
radeau,  m.,  raft. 
rafraichir,  v.  t.,    to  refresh ;   —  les 

cheveux,  to  trim  the  hair, 
raide,  a.,  stiff ;   steep, 
rail,  m.  (rr.),  rail. 


rais,  m.,  spoke. 

raison,  /.,  reason  ;  en  —  de,  on 
account  of ;  avoir  — ,  to  be 
right ;  avoir  —  de,  to  get  the 
better  of. 

ralentir,  v.  t.,  to  slow  up,  retard. 

rallier,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  rally,  reform, 
rejoin  (one's  camp,  lines). 

ramasser,  v.  t.,  to  pick  up. 

ramener,  v.  t.,  to  bring  back. 

rampe, /.,  balusters;   slope. 

rang,  m.  (mil.),  rank;  sur  deux 
— s,  in  two  ranks. 

ranger,  v.  t.,  to  draw  up. 

rapide,  a.,  rapid. 

rapidement,  adv.,  rapidly. 

rappel,  m.  (mil.),  recall. 

rappeler,  v.  t.,  to  recall;  se  — ,  to 
recollect. 

rapport,  m.,  report. 

rarement,  adv.,  rarely. 

rase  (p.  p.  o/raser),  shaven,  clean- 
shaven. 

raser,  v.  t.,  to  shave. 

rassembler,  v.  a.,  to  collect,  gather. 

rate,  m.  (art.,  sm.  a.),  misfire. 

rater,  v.  t.,  to  miss  (fire). 

ration,  /.,  ration,  allowance. 

ravin,  m.,  ravine. 

ravitaillement,  m.  (mil.),  refilling, 
supply. 

ravitailler,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  refill,  re- 
new supplies. 

rayer,  v.  t.,  to  erase,  strike  off. 

rayure,  /.  (art.,  sm.  a.),  groove. 

recevoir,  v.  t.,  to  receive. 

recommander,  v.  t.,  to  recommend; 
to  register  (a  letter). 

recommencer,  v.  n.  t.,  to  begin 
again. 

recompense,  /.,  reward. 

recompenses  v.  t.,  to  reward. 


154 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


reconnaissance,  /.,  reconnaissance. 
reconnaitre,    v.    t.,    to    recognize ; 

(mil.),  to  reeonnoiter. 
reconquerir,  v.  t.,  to  reconquer, 
recrue,  /.  (mil.),  recruit, 
recrutement,  m.  (mil.),  recruiting. 
recruter,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  recruit, 
recul,   m.    (mil.),   withdrawal ;    re- 
treat;    (art.,  sm.  a.),  recoil, 
reculer,    v.    n.    (mil.),    to    retreat; 

(art.,  sm.  a.),  to  recoil, 
reddition, /.  (mil.),  surrender. 
redoute,  /.  (mil.),  redoubt, 
reduit,  m.  (mil.),  redoubt  (keep  of  a 

fortress) . 
reforme,  /.    (mil.),    condemnation; 

compulsory  retirement. 
reformer,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  condemn; 

retire, 
refouler,  v.  t.,  to  throw  back, 
refuge,  m.,  refuge ;   —  des  blesses 

(mil.),  first-aid  station. 
refuser,  v.  t.  (mil.,  etc.),  to  refuse, 
regarder,  v.  t.,  to  look, 
regiment,  m.  (mil.),  regiment, 
region,  /.,  region, 
regie,    /.,    rule;      en    — ,    formal, 

regular, 
reglement,   m.    (mil.),   regulations; 

drill  regulations, 
reglementer,    v.    t.    (mil.),   to   give 

regulations  to,  make  regulations 

for. 
rSgler,  v.  t.,  to  arrange,  regulate, 
regret,  m.,  regret, 
regretter,  v.  t.,  to  regret, 
regulier,  a.,  regular, 
rejeter,  v.  t.,  to  throw  back, 
rejoindre,  v.  t.,  to  join. 
relache,  m.,  respite,  relaxation, 
releve,  /.    (mil.),   relief   (of  troops, 

sentries,  etc). 


relever,  v.  I.  (mil.),  to  relieve  (sen- 
tries, troops  in  the  trenches,  etc.). 

remarquable,  a.,  remarkable. 

remarquer,  v.  t.,  to  notice;  to  re- 
mark (make  a  remark). 

remercier,  v.  t.,  to  thank ;  dis- 
charge (from  a  position). 

remettre,  v.  t.,  to  put  back,  restore. 

remonter,  v.  t.  n.,  to  go  back,  re- 
mount. 

remorque,  /.,  tow  rope ;  trailer 
(auto). 

remorquer,  v.  t.,  to  tow. 

rempart,  m.  (mil.),  rampart. 

remplir,  v.  t.,  to  fill. 

rencontre,  /.,  meeting;  (mil.),  en- 
counter. 

rencontrer,  v.  t.,  to  meet. 

rendre,  v.  t.,  to  render,  make,  give 
back;   se  —  (mil.),  to  surrender. 

renforcement,  m.  (mil.),  reinforce- 
ment. 

renforcer,  v.  a.,  to  reenforce. 

renfort,  m.  (mil.),  reenforcement. 

renseignement,  m.,  information. 

renseigner,  v.  t.,  to  inform. 

rentrer,  v.  n.,  to  come  back,  return. 

renvoyer,  v.  t.,  to  send  back. 

repas,  m.,  meal ;  (of  horses),  feed, 
feeding. 

repasser,  v.  t.,  to  recross. 

repere,  m.,  point  de  — ,  bench 
mark;    (art.),  registration  point. 

reperer,  v.  t.,  —  le  tir  (art.),  to 
correct  the  fire  (by  registered 
points) . 

repeter,  v.  L,  to  repeat. 

replier,  v.  t.,  to  fold  again;  (mil., 
to  take  up  (a  pontoon  bridge, 
etc.). 

repondre,  v.  n.,  to  reply,  answer 
(takes  a). 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


155 


repos,  m.,  rest. 

repousser,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  throw 
back,  push  back. 

reprendre,  v.  t.,  to  take  back ; 
resume. 

represaille,  /.  (mil.)  (in  pi.  gener- 
ally), reprisals,  retaliation. 

reseau,  m.,  network  (of  railroads, 
telephone  and  telegraph  lines, 
etc.) ;  —  de  fil  de  fer  barbele 
(mil.),  wire  entanglement. 

reserve,  /.  (mil.),  reserve. 

resigner,  v.  t.,  to  resign,  give  up. 

resister,  v.  n.  (mil.,  etc.),  to  resist 
(takes  a.). 

resistance,  /.  (mil.,  etc.),  resistance. 

resoudre,  v.  t.,  to  resolve. 

ressort,  m.,  spring ;  province,  de- 
partment. 

ressource,  /.,  resource. 

restaurant,  m.,  restaurant. 

reste,  m.,  remainder. 

rester,  v.  n.,  to  remain. 

retablir,  v.  t.,  to  reestablish. 

retard,  m.,  delay  ;  (of  a  watch),  loss  ; 
etre  en  — ,  to  be  late ;  (of  a 
watch),  to  be  slow. 

retarder,  v.  n.  t.,  to  delay;  (of  a 
watch),  to  be  slow. 

retenir,  v.  t.,  to  retain. 

retour,  m.,  return ;  —  offensif 
(mil.),  counterthrust. 

retourner,  v.  t.,  to  turn ;  —  une 
tranchee  (mil.),  to  turn  a  trench 
(against  its  original  occupants). 

retraite,  /.  (mil.),  retreat;  retire- 
ment. 

retraiter,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  retire. 

retranche,  a.  (mil.),  intrenched. 

retrancher,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  intrench, 
dig  in ;  se  — ,  to  intrench  one's 
self,  dig  in. 


reussir,  v.  n.,  to  succeed, 
revanche,  /.,  revenge, 
re  veil,  m.  (mil.),  reveille, 
reveiller,  v.  t.,  to  waken, 
revenir,  v.  n.,  to  return,  come  back ; 

—  sur,  to  return  to  (a  matter), 
revolver,  m.  (sm.  a.),  revolver, 
revoquer,  v.  t.,  to  revoke,  recall, 
revue,    /.     (mil.),    review,    inspec- 
tion ;    passer  en  — ,  la  —  de,  to 

review. 
rez-de-chaussee,  m.,  ground-floor, 
rien,     m.,     a     mere     nothing,     a 

trifle. 
rince-bouche,  m.,  finger-bowl, 
rire,  v.  n.,  to  laugh, 
risque,  m.,  risk, 
risquer,  v.  t.,  to  risk, 
rive,  /.,  bank,  shore, 
riviere,  /.,  (small)  river,  creek, 
riz,  m.,  rice. 

robinet,  m.,  cock,  faucet, 
roi,  m.,  king, 
role,  m.,  part,  role, 
romain,  a.,  Roman, 
rompre,  v.  t.,  to  break ;    —  a,  to 

inure  to. 
Rosalie  (proper   name,  mil.  slang), 

the  bayonet. 
rosbif,  m.,  roast  beef, 
roue,  /.,  wheel, 
rouge,  a.,  red. 
rouler,  v.  n.  t.,  to  roll, 
roumain,  a.,  Rumanian. 
Roumanie,  /.,  Rumania, 
route,  /.,  road;   —  nationale,  state 

road, 
rue,  /.,  street. 
ruisseau,  m.,  brook, 
rupture,  /.,  gap. 
russe,  a.,  Russian. 
Russie,  /.,  Russia. 


156 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


sable,  ?n.,  sand. 

sabre,  m.  (sm.  a.),  saber. 

sac,  m.,  sack;    (mil.),  the  pack. 

sacrifice,  in.,  sacrifice. 

sacrifier,  v.  t.,  to  sacrifice. 

sage,  a.,  good  ;   wise. 

saigner,  v.  n.  t.,  to  bleed. 

saillant,  m.  (mil.),  salient. 

saisir,  v.  t.,  to  seize. 

salle,  /.,  large  room;  hall;  —  a 
manger,  dining-room ;  —  de 
bain,  bath-room. 

salon,  m.,  parlor,  drawing-room. 

saluer,  v.  t.,  to  greet;  (mil.),  to 
salute. 

salut,  m.,  safety,  welfare;  (mil.), 
salute. 

salve,/,  (mil.),  salvo. 

sang,  m.,  blood  ;  pur  — ,  thorough- 
bred. 

sanguin,  a.,  ruddy. 

sans,  prep.,  without. 

sante,  /.,  health ;  service  de  — 
(mil.),  medical  department. 

sape,  /.  (mil.),  sap. 

saper,  v.  t.  (mil.),  to  sap. 

sapeur,  m.  (mil.),  sapper,  engineer. 

sapin,  m.,  fir. 

satisfaction,  /.,  satisfaction. 

satisfaire,  v.  n.,  to  satisfy  (takes  a). 

sauf,  prep.,  except. 

saut,  m.,  jump. 

sauter,  v.  n.,  to  jump. 

sauver,  v.  t.,  to  save. 

savoir,  v.  t.,  to  know. 

savon,  m.,  soap. 

Saxe,  /.,  Saxony. 

saxon,  a.,  Saxon. 

scie,  /.,  saw. 

scier,  v.  t.,  to  saw. 

seau,  m.,  bucket. 


sec,  a.,  dry  (feminine,  seche). 

second,  a.,  second. 

secouer,  o.  t.,  to  shake. 

secours,  m.,  help ;  poste  de  — 
(mil.),  dressing  station. 

secousse,  ./.,  shaking. 

secteur,  m.  (mil.),  sector. 

section,  /.  (mil.),  section  (i  of  a 
company,  infantry;  2  guns,  ar- 
tillery). 

seigle,  m.,  rye. 

sel,  m.,  salt. 

selle,  /.,  saddle. 

seller,  <>.  t.,  to  saddle. 

sellier,  m.,  saddler. 

selon,  prep.,  according. 

semaine,  /.,  week. 

semblant,  m.,  seeming  ;  faire  —  de, 
to  pretend  to. 

sembler,  v.  n.,  to  seem. 

semelle, /.,  sole  ;    (auto),  shoe. 

sens,  m.,  sense,  judgment,  direction. 

sentier,  m.,  path. 

sentinelle, /.  (mil.),  sentinel. 

sentir,  v.  t.,  to  feel. 

sergent,  m.  (mil.),  sergeant  (foot 
troops,  except  foot  artillery)  ;  — 
fourrier  (mil.),  quartermaster 
sergeant;  ■ —  de  ville,  policeman. 

sergent-major,  m.  (mil.),  company 
quartermaster  sergeant. 

serie,  /.,  series. 

serment,  m.,  oath. 

serre-file,  m.  (mil.),  file  closer. 

serre-freins,  m.,  brakeman. 

serrer,  v.  t.,  to  tighten;  (mil.),  to 
close  up. 

serrure,  /.,  lock. 

sert,  '.id  pers.  prcs.  sing,  of  servir. 

servant,  m.  (art.),  cannoneer. 

servante,  /.  (art.),  pole  prop. 

service,  in.,  service. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


157 


serviette,  /.,  napkin. 

servir,  v.  n.,   to  serve ;    be  useful ; 

—  a,  to  be  of  use  to  ;  —  de,  to 
serve  as ;  se  —  de,  to  make  use 
of. 

seul,  a.,  only  ;   alone. 

si,  conj.,  if. 

siecle,  m.,  century. 

siege,  to.  seat;  (mil.),  siege. 

siffier,  v.  n.,  to  whistle. 

sifflet,  m.,  whistle. 

signal,  m.,  signal. 

signalement,  m.  (mil.),  descriptive 
list. 

signaler,  v.  t.,  to  report ;  give  a 
description  of. 

signaleur,  to.  (mil.),  signal-man. 

signer,  v.  t.,  to  sign. 

simple,  a.,  simple. 

simultane,  a.,  simultaneous. 

simultanement,  adv.,  simultane- 
ously. 

singe,  m.,  monkey;  (mil.  slang), 
tinned  meat. 

singulier,  a.,  odd,  strange,  singular. 

site,  m.,  site. 

sceur,  /.,  sister. 

soie,  /.,  silk. 

soif,  /.,  thirst ;  avoir  — ,  to  be 
thirsty. 

soigner,   v.   t.,  to  watch,   care  for; 

—  les  blesses,  to  nurse  the 
wounded. 

soin,  m.,  care,  attention. 

soir,  to.,  evening. 

sol,  m.,  ground. 

soldat,   m.    (mil.),   soldier;     simple 

— ,  private, 
solde,  /.  (mil.),  pay  (officers'). 
soleil,  m.,  sun. 
sombre,  a.,  somber,  dark, 
sommaire,  a.,  brief. 


sommeil,  m.,  sleep;  avoir  — ,  to  be 
sleepy. 

son,  pr.,  his,  her,  its ;   m.,  sound. 

sonner,  v.  n.  t.,  to  sound. 

sonnerie,  /.  (mil.),  trumpet  call. 

sorte,  /.,  sort ;  de  la  — ,  so,  in  this 
way. 

sortir,  v.  n.,  to  go  out ;  go  up  (of 
an  airplane)  ;    sally  forth. 

sou,  to.  (5  centimes),  sou,  cent. 

souci,  to.,  care,  worry. 

soucoupe,  /.,  saucer. 

souffler,  v.  n.  t.,  to  blow. 

souffrir,  v.  n.  t.,  to  suffer,  endure. 

Soulier,  to.,  shoe. 

soupape,  /.,  valve. 

soupe,  /.,  soup;    (mil.),  mess  call. 

sous,  prep.,  under. 

sous-lieutenant,  to.  (mil.),  2d  lieu- 
tenant. 

sous-marin,  to.,  submarine. 

sous-officier,  m.  (mil.),  non-com- 
missioned officer. 

soutenir,  v.  t.,  to  support. 

soutien,  m.  (mil.,  etc.),  support. 

spahi,  to.  (Fr.  a.),  spahi. 

special,  a.,  special. 

station,  /.  (rr.),  station;  (mil.), 
station. 

stopper,  v.  t.,  to  stop  (an  engine). 

strategie,  /.  (mil.),  strategy. 

strictement,  adv.,  strictly. 

subir,  v.  t.,  to  suffer,  sustain. 

submerger,  v.  t.,  to  submerge. 

submersible,  to.,  submarine. 

subsistance,  /.  (mil.),  subsistence; 
mettre  en  — ,  to  subsist. 

succes,  to.,  success. 

sucre,  to.,  sugar. 

suffire,  v.  n.,  to  suffice. 

suite,  /.,  series,  suite;  de  — ,  in 
succession. 


158 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


suivant,  a.,  following, 
suivre,  v.  t.,  to  follow, 
supreme,  a.,  supreme, 
sur,  prep.,  on. 
sur,  a.,  sure. 

surete,  /.  (mil.,  etc.),  security, 
surveiller,  v.  t.,  to  overlook,  super- 
intend. 
survoler,  v.  t.  (aero.),  to  fly  over. 


tabac,  m.,  tobacco  (c  silent). 

table,  /.,  table. 

tache,  /.,  spot. 

tache,  /.,  task. 

tacher,  v.  t.,  to  try,  attempt. 

tacot,  m.  (mil.  slang),  old  motor  car. 

tactique,  /.  (mil.),  tactics. 

taie,  /.,  pillow  case. 

tailler,  v.  t.,  to  cut. 

tailleur,  to.,  tailor. 

talon,  to.,  heel. 

tambour,  to.,  drum;  (mil.),  drum- 
mer; —  major  (mil.),  drum 
major. 

tampon,  to.,  plug;    (rr.),  buffer. 

tamisage,  to.,  screening. 

tamiser,  v.  t.,  to  screen. 

tandis  que,  conj.,  while. 

tant,  adv.,  so  many. 

tapis,  to.,  carpet. 

taquet,  to.,  cleat. 

tard,  adv.,  late. 

tasse,  /.,  cup. 

taux,  to.,  rate  (of  interest,  etc.). 

taxi,  to.,  taadcab. 

teint,  to.,  complexion. 

t?l,  a.,  such. 

telegramme,  to.,  telegram. 

telegraphe,  to.,  telegraph. 

telegraphier,  v.  t.,  to  telegraph. 


telegraphiste,  m.,  telegraph  opera- 
tor, 
telemetre  (mil.),  range  finder, 
telephone,  to.,  telephone ;    coup  de 

— ,  telephone  message, 
telephoner,  v.  t.,  to  telephone, 
temoignage,  m.,  testimony, 
temoigner,  v.  t.,  to  testify, 
temoin,  in.,  witness, 
tempete,  /.,  storm, 
temple,  m.,  (Protestant)  church, 
temps,  to.,  time  ;  weather  ;   a  — ,  in 

time, 
tender,  to.  (rr.),  tender. 
tendre,  v.  t.,  to  strain,  stretch, 
tenir,  v.  t.,  to  hold,  keep ;    —  bon 

(mil.),  to  hold  out. 
tentative,  /.,  attempt, 
tente,  /.  (mil.),  tent, 
tente-abri,  /.  (mil.),  shelter  tent, 
tenter,  v.  t.,  to  attempt, 
tenue,  /.  (mil.),  dress,  uniform;  — 

de  campagne,  field  dress ;  demi- 

— ,    dress   uniform    (U.   S.   A.)  ; 

grande  — ,  full  dress ;    petite  — , 

undress,  dress  (U.  S.  A.). 
terrain,  m.  (mil.),  terrain,  ground, 
terre,  /.,  earth  ;  the  earth  ;  ground, 

soil ;  —  a  — ,  practical, 
terrible,  a.,  terrible, 
territoire,  m.,  territory. 
territorial,    a.,    territorial;     (mil.), 

territorial, 
territoriale,  feminine  of  territorial ; 

la —  (Fr.  a.),  the  territorial  army, 
tete,  /.,  head. 
the,  to.,  tea. 

tiers,  m.,  third  part;    third  person, 
timbre,    to.,    stamp    (postage    and 

general)  ;      —     poste,      postage 

stamp. 
timbrer,  v.  t.,  to  stamp. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


159 


tir,  to.  (art.,  sm.  a.),  fire;  practice; 
round ;  —  de  barrage,  curtain 
fire;  —  courbe  (art.),  curved 
fire  ;   —  rapide,  rapid  fire. 

tirailleur,  to.  (mil.),  skirmisher. 

tirailler,  v.  n.  (mil.),  to  skirmish. 

tirer,  v.  n.  I.  (mil.),  to  fire. 

tireur,  to.  (mil.),  sharpshooter, 
marksman. 

tiroir,  m.,  drawer  (of  a  table)  ; 
slide  valve. 

toile, /.,  cloth  ;  linen. 

toit,  to.,  roof. 

tole,  to.,  sheet  iron. 

tomber,  v.  n.,  to  fall. 

tonne,  /.,  ton  (1000  kilos)  ;  — 
metrique,  1000  kilos. 

tonner,  v.  n.,  to  thunder. 

tonnerre,  to.,  thunder;  (sm.  a.), 
breech  (seat  of  the  charge) . 

torpille,  /.,  torpedo. 

tort,  to.,  wrong,  injury ;  avoir  — , 
to  be  wrong. 

tot,  adv.,  soon,  early. 

toubib,  m.  (mil.  slang),  surgeon. 

toucher,  v.  t.,  to  touch. 

toujours,  adv.,  always. 

tour, /.,  tower ;   turn. 

tourillon,  to.  (art.),  trunnion. 

tournant,  m.,  turn  (of  a  road,  etc.). 
au  —  de,  around. 

tournee,  /.,  round,  visit. 

tourner,  v.  n.,  to  turn. 

tout,  a.,  all,  every  (pi.,  tous). 

tout,  adv.,  entirely,  completely. 

trahir,  v.  t.,  to  betray. 

trahison,  /.,  treachery. 

train,  to.  (rr.),  train;  (mil.) ,  train  ; 
—  de  combat  (mil.),  combat 
train;  —  des  equipages  (mil.), 
the  train,  baggage  train ;  — 
express      (rr.),     express     train; 


—  de  grande  vitesse  (rr.),  fast 
train;  —  de  marchandises  (rr.), 
freight  train;  —  omnibus  (rr.), 
local  train ;  —  regimentaire 
(mil.),  regimental  train;  —  de 
retour  (rr.),  return  train;  — 
sanitaire  (mil.),  sanitary  train, 
hospital  train ;  —  de  voyageurs 
(rr.).  passenger  train. 

traitement,  m.,  treatment. 

traiter,  v.  t.,  to  treat. 

tranchee,  /.  (mil.),  trench;  —  de 
depart,  trench  of  departure  (one 
from  which  an  assault  is  made)  ; 

—  de  tir,  fire  trench,  first  line 
trench. 

tranquille,  a.,  calm,  quiet ;  soyez 
— ,  don't  worry. 

transport,  to.,  transportation. 

transportable,  a.,  transportable. 

transporter,  v.  t.,  to  transport. 

travail,  to.,  work  (pi.,  travaux). 

travailler,  v.  t.,  to  work. 

travers,  a  — ,  across. 

traverse,  /.,  cross-tie;  (mil.),  trav- 
erse. 

traverser,  v.  t.,  to  cross. 

traversin,  to.,  bolster. 

tres,  adv.,  very. 

tresorier,  to.  (mil.),  paymaster. 

tri,  w.,  sorting  (of  the  mail). 

triage,  to.,  sorting. 

tricot,  to.,  sweater;  jersey. 

trier,  v.  t.,  to  sort. 

triplan,  m.  (aero.),  triplane. 

triste,  a.,  sad,  gloomy. 

trompette,  /.,  trumpet;  m.  (mil.), 
trumpeter. 

trop,  adv.,  too  much. 

trot,  to.,  trot. 

trotter,  v.  n.,  to  trot. 

trottoir,  to.,  sidewalk. 


160 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


trou,  m.,  hole;   —  d'air  (aero.),  air 

pocket, 
troupe,    /.     (mil.),    troop,    troops; 

hommes  de  — ,  enlisted  men. 
troupier,  m.  (mil.),  soldier, 
trousse,/.,  bunch  ;  (mil.),  housewife, 
trousseau,  to.,  bunch  ;    outfit, 
trouver,  v.  t.,  to  find ;   se  — ,  to  be. 
truck,  m.,  truck;   flat  car. 
tu,  pr.,  thou, 
tube,  m.,  tube, 
tuer,  v.  t.,  to  kill, 
tunique,  /.  (mil.),  tunic, 
turc,  a.,  Turk  (feminine,  turque). 
turco,  m.  (Fr.  a.),  Turco. 
Turquie,  /.,  Turkey, 
tuyau,    m.,    tube,    pipe    (e.g.,    sras, 

water) . 

U 

un,  m.  art.,  a,  an ;   adj.,  one. 

uniforme,  m.  (mil.),  uniform. 

union,  /.,  union,  conjunction. 

unir,  v.  t.,  to  unite. 

unite,  /.,  unit ;    (mil.),  troop-unit. 

urinoir,  m.,  urinal. 

usage,  m.,  custom  ;  a  1' —  de,  for 
the  use  of. 

user,  v.  t.,  to  wear  out;  —  de,  to 
employ,  use. 

usine,  /.,  factory,  works. 

usure,/.,  wear;  guerre  d' — ,  (mil.), 
wearing  down  war  (trench  war- 
fare) . 

utile,  a.,  useful. 

utiliser,  v.  t.,  to  utilize,  turn  to 
account. 

utilite,  /.,  usefulness. 


vacance,    /., 

vacation. 


vacancy;     (in    pi.), 


vacant,  a.,  vacant. 

vache,  /.,  cow  ;   cowhide. 

vagon,  m.  (rr.),  car. 

vague,  /.,  wave  (of  water)  ;  (mil.), 
wave  (of  troops) . 

vaguemestre,  m.  (Fr.  a.),  non-com- 
missioned officer  in  charge  of  the 
post  office. 

vaisseau,  m.,  vessel  (ship). 

vaillance,  /.,  valor. 

vaillant,  a.,  valiant. 

valeur,  /.,  worth,  value. 

vallee,  /.,  valley. 

vallon,  m.,  small  valley. 

valoir,  v.  t.,  to  be  worth. 

vapeur,  /.,  steam  ;  m.,  steamer. 

veau,  m.,  calf. 

veiller,  v.  n.,  to  watch. 

vendre,  v.  t.,  to  sell. 

venir,  v.  n.,  to  come;  —  de,  to 
have  just  (done  a  thing,  etc.). 

vent,  m.,  wind. 

vente,  /.,  sale. 

ventre,  m.,  belly. 

verger,  to.,  orchard. 

verite,  /.,  truth. 

verre,  to.,  glass;   tumbler. 

verrou,  to.,  bolt ;    (mil.),  bolt. 

vers,  prep.,  towards. 

versant,  to.,  slope  (e.g.,  of  a  hill). 

verser,  v.  t.,  to  spill;  pour;  trans- 
fer; deposit  (money). 

vert,  a.,  green;  to.,  green  forage; 
mettre  au  — ,  to  pasture. 

veste,  /.  (mil.),  blouse  (e.g.,  the  olive- 
drab  blouse). 

vetement,  to.,  article  of  clothing, 
garment;    (in  pi.),  clothes. 

viande,  /.,  meat ;  —  de  conserve, 
preserved  meat ;  —  marinee, 
pickled  meat ;  —  sur  le  pied, 
meat  on  the  hoof. 


FRENCH-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


161 


victoire,/.,  victory. 

victorieux,  a.,  victorious. 

vide,  a.,  empty;  m.,  void,  empty 
space. 

vieux,  a.,  old  (feminine,  vieille). 

vif,  a.  /.,  vive,  lively,  keen;  de 
vive  force,  by  main  force. 

vigoureusement,  adv.,  vigorously. 

vilain,  a.,  wretched. 

village,  m.,  village. 

ville,  /.,  town. 

vin,  m.,  wine. 

vinaigre,  m.,  vinegar. 

vis,  /.,  screw;  —  de  culasse  (art.), 
breech  screw. 

viser,  v.  t.,  to  aim. 

visible,  a.,  visible. 

visiere,  f.,  visor. 

visite,  /.,  visit;  inspection,  ex- 
amination. 

visiter,  v.  t.,  to  visit;  to  inspect, 
examine. 

vite,  a.,  quick;    adv.,  quickly. 

vitesse,  /.,  speed,  velocity. 

vitre,  /.,  window  pane. 

vivre,  v.  n.,  to  live. 

vivres,  m.  pi.,  food  supplies;  — 
pain  (mil.),  bread  supplies;  — 
viande  (mil.),  meat  supplies; 
petits  —  (mil.),  small  groceries, 
small  stuff. 

voici,  adv.,  here  is  (must  frequently 
be  translated  in  a  manner  depend- 
ing on  the  context) . 

voie,  /.,  way,  track ;   road. 

voila,  adv.,  here  is,  or  are,  there  is, 
or  are  (must  be  translated  accord- 
ing to  the  context). 

voir,  v.  t.,  to  see. 

voisin,  m.,  neighbor. 

voiture, /*.,  car,  carriage;  (rr.),  car; 
en  — !  all  aboard  ! 

M 


vol,  m.  (aero.),  flight;  —  plane 
(aero.),  volplane,  glide. 

volant,  m.,  hand  wheel ;  —  de 
pointage  (art.),  elevating  hand 
wheel. 

voler,  v.  n.  (aero.),  to  fly. 

volontiers,  adv.,  willingly,  with 
pleasure. 

voltigeur,  m.  (inf.),  rifleman  (all 
around  member  of  a  grenadier 
squad). 

vont,  3d  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of  aller. 

vouloir,  v.  n.,  to  wish  ;  to  be  will- 
ing ;   —  bien,  to  be  willing. 

voulu,  p.  p.  of  vouloir,  wished. 

voyage,  m.,  trip ;    voyage;   travels. 

voyageur,  m.,  passenger  (in  a  rail- 
road train). 

vrai,  a.,  true. 

vrille, /.,  gimlet;    (aero.),  spin. 

vue/.,  view. 

W 

wagon,  m.  (rr.),  car;  —  cavalier, 
horse  car ;  —  a  couloir,  corridor 
car ;  —  de  marchandises,  box 
car ;   —  poste,  mail  car,  carriage. 


y,  adv.,  to  it,  at  it,  in  it,  there, 
yeux,  m.  pi.  (of  ceil),  eyes. 


zele,  m.,  zeal. 

zele,  a.,  zealous. 

zinc,  m.,  zinc. 

zingage,    m.,    covering    with    zinc ; 

galvanizing. 
zinguer,  v.  t.,  to  zinc  ;   to  galvanize. 


162 


FRENCH-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


zone,  /.,  zone,  belt;    region,  area; 

—  des  armees  (Fr.  a.),  army 
zone  (in  matter  of  supply)  under 
the  orders  of  the  commander  in 
chief;  —  de  l'arriere  (mil.),  the 
rear  (of  an  army  with  reference  to 
lines    of    supply,    depots,    etc.)  ; 

—  de    l'avant    (mil.),    zone    of 


activities ;  —  de  l'interieur 
(Fr.  a.),  interior  zone,  the  country 
outside  of  the  field  of  operations 
(in  matters  of  supply),  under 
the  direction  of  the  minister  of 
war. 

Zouave,  m.  (mil.),  Zouave. 

Zouzou,  to.  (mil.  slang),  Zouave. 


II.   ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 

(For  abbreviations,  see  French-English  part.) 


a  (article),  un,  m. ;   une,  f. 
abandon,  v.  t.,  abandonner. 
abatis  (mil.),  abatis,  m. 
able,  a.,  capable  ;  to  be  — ,  pouvoir. 
above,    adv.,    dessus ;     prep.,    au- 

dessus,  au  dessus  de. 
accessory,    accessoire,    m. ;     acces- 

soire,  a. 
according,  prep.,  selon. 
account,  compte,  m. 
acquaintance,  connaissance,  f. 
acquire,  v.  t.,  acquerir. 
across,  a.,  a  travers ;    a  cheval  sur 

(i.e.,  on  both  sides  of,  e.g.,  a  river) . 
active,     a.,     actif;      (mil.),     actif ; 

the    —    army,     l'armee    active, 

l'active. 
add,  v.  t.,  ajouter. 
adjacent,  a.,  avoisinant. 
adjutant    (mil.),    (capitaine)    adju- 

dant-major,  m. 
administrative,  a.,  administratis 
admission,    admission,  /. ;     no  — , 

defense  d'entrer. 
admit,  v.  n.,  convenir  de. 
advance,  v.  n.  t.,  avancer. 
advanced,  a.,  avance. 
advance,    avance,    /. ;     in    — ,     a 

1' avance. 


advance  guard  (mil.),  avant- 
garde,  /. 

adversary,  adversaire,  m. 

adviser,  moniteur,  m. 

aeronautics  (aero.),  aeronau- 
tique,  /. 

affair,  affaire,  /. 

afraid,  a.,  to  be  — ,  avoir  peur. 

after,  adv.,  prep.,  apres. 

afternoon,  apres-midi,  m.,  /., 

afterwards,  adv.,  apres. 

afterwards,  adv.,  ensuite. 

age,  age,  m. 

agitate,  v.  t.,  agiter. 

ahead  (in  front  of),  adv.,  devant. 

aid-de-camp  (mil.),  ofEcier  d'or- 
donnance,  m. 

aiguillette  (mil.),  fourragere,  /. ; 
aiguillette,  /. 

aim,  v.  t.  (mil.),  pointer;  viser. 

aiming,  pointage,  m. ;  —  point 
(art.),  point  de  pointage;  — 
stand,  chevalet,  m. 

air,  air,  m. 

airplane  (aero.),  aeroplane,  m. ; 
avion,  m. ;  battle  — ,  avion  de 
combat ;  fire  observation  — , 
avion  de  rfeglage ;  pursuit  — , 
avion  de  chasse. 

air-pocket  (aero.),  trou  d'air,  m. 

air-squadron  (aero.),  escadrille, /. 


163 


164 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


alight     (on     the     water)      (aero.), 

amerrir,  v.  n. 
alighting    (on    the    water)    (aero.), 

amerrissage,  m. 
all,  a.,  adv.,  tout;  —  aboard!  (rr.), 

envoiture!;   — the  same,  quand 

meme. 
allow,  o.  t.,  laisser  ;    permettre. 
allowance  (mil.),  ration,  /. 
all  right,  ca  m'est  egal. 
almost,  adv.,  presque. 
alone,  a.,  seul. 
also,  adv.,  aussi. 
always,  adv.,  toujours. 
America,  Amerique,  /. 
American,  a.,  m.,  americain. 
amputate,  v.  t.,  amputer. 
amuse,  o.  t.,  amuser. 
an  (article),  un,  m. ;  une,  /. 
ancient,  a.,  ancien. 
and,  conj.,  et. 

angry,  a.,  fache  ;  to  be — ,  sefacher. 
ankle,  cheville,  /. 
announce,  v.  t.,  declarer, 
annoy,  v.  t.,  ennuyer. 
annoy,  v.  t.,  deranger. 
annoyance,  ennui,  m. 
answer,  v.  n.,  repondre. 
anti-aircraft,       a.       (aero.),       anti- 

aerien. 
anticipate,  v.  (.,  cscompter. 
apart  (from),  prep.,  hors. 
appear,  v.  n.,  paraitre. 
appearance,  air,  m. 
apple,  pommo,  f. 

apprenticeship,  apprentissage,  m. 
approach,  acces,  m. 
approach,  v.  t.,  approcher ;    aborder, 

v.  t. ;    (mil.),  approche,  /. 
approaches  (of  a  position),  abords, 

m.  pi. 
are  (100  square  meters),  are,  m. 


arm,  bras,  m. ;    (mil.),  arme,  /. 

arm,  v.  t.,  armor. 

army  (mil.),  armee,  /. ;  the  active 
— ,  1'armee  active ;  the  colonial 
— ,  1'armee  coloniale ;  the  home 
or  metropolitan  — ,  1'armee 
metropolitaine. 

around,  prep.,  autour. 

arrange,  v.  t.,  regler. 

arrange,  v.  t.,  amenager. 

arrival,  arrivee,  /. 

arrive,  v.  n.,  arriver. 

arrest  (mil.),  arret,  m. ;  in  — , 
aux  arrets. 

arrest,  v.  t.  (mil.) ,  mettre  aux  arrets. 

arrow,  fl5chc,  /. 

articulate,  v.  t.,  articuler. 

articulation,  articulation,  /. 

artillery  (mil.),  artillerie,  /. ;  anti- 
aircraft — ,  artillerie  anti- 
aerienne ;  coast  — ,  artillerie 
de  cote ;  field  — ,  artillerie  de 
campagne  ;  heavy  — ,  artillerie 
lourde ;  siege  — ,  artillerie  de 
siege. 

artilleryman  (art.),  canonnier,  m. ; 
artilleur,  m. 

as,  adv.,  comme,  aussi ;  —  far  — , 
prep.,  jusque. 

ascensional,  a.  (aero.),  ascensionnel. 

ask,  v.  t.,  demander. 

aspect,  physionomie,  /. 

asphyxiating,  a.,  asphyxiant. 

asleep,  a.,  endormi. 

ass,  ane,  m. 

assault,  assaut,  m. 

assaulting,  a.,  d'assaut. 

assistant,  adjoint,  m. 

astonish,  v.  t.,  etonner. 

at,  prep.,  a,  chez ;  —  the  home 
of,  chez  ;  —  first,  d'abord ;  — 
least,  au  moins. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


165 


atmosphere,  atmosphere,  /. 

attack  (mil.),  attaque,  /. ;  surprise 
— ,  coup  de  main. 

attack,  v.  t.,  attaquer. 

attain,  v.  t.,  atteindre. 

attempt,  tentative,  /. 

attempt,  v.  t.,  tacher,  tenter. 

attention!  (mil.),  (in  quarters), 
fixe  !  ;  (troops  formed) ,  garde  a 
vous! 

attention,  soin,  m. ;    attention,  /. 

attenuate,  v.  t.,  attenuer. 

audacity,  audace,  /. 

authority,  autorite,  /. ;  the  com- 
manding—  (mil.),  le  commande- 
ment. 

automobile,  automobile,  m.,  f 

Austria,  Autriche,  /. 

Austrian,  a.,  Autrichien. 

average,  on  the,  en  moyenne. 

aviation  (aero.),  aviation,  /. 

aviator  (aero.),  aviateur,  m. 

await,  v.  t.,  attendre. 

ax,  hache,  /. 

axle,  essieu,  m.  (auto),  pont,  m. 

B 

back,  adv.,  en  arriere. 

back,  dos,  m. 

bacon, lard,  to. 

baggage,  baggage,  m.;  (mil), 
equipage,  m. ;  —  car  (rr.), 
fourgon,  m. ;  —  rack  (on  trains), 
filet,  m. ;  —  wagon  (mil.), 
fourgon. 

balloon  (aero.),  ballon,  m. ;  cap- 
tive — ,  ballon  captif ;  free  — , 
ballon  libre. 

balusters,  rampe,  /. 

band,  musique,  /. ;  brass  — ,  faD- 
fare,  /. 


bandage,  bandage,  m. ;   bande,  /. 

bandage,  v.  t.,  bander. 

bank  (of  stream),  rive,  f. ;    banque, 

/.  (financial). 
barbed,  a.,  barbele. 
bareback,  a  nu. 
bark,  ecorce,  /. 
bark,  v.  n.,  aboyer. 
barley,  orge,  /. 
barracks  (mil.),  caserne,  /. 
barrier,  barrage,  m. :  —  or  curtain, 

fire  (mil.),  tir  de  barrage,  m. 
basket,  panier,  m. 
bastion  (mil.),  bastion,  m. 
bath,  bain,  m. 

bath-room,  salle,  /.,  de  bain, 
battalion  (inf.),  bataillon,  m. 
battery  (art.),  batterie, /. 
battle  (mil.),  bataille,  /. 
Bavaria,  Baviere,  f. 
Bavarian,  a.,  bavarois. 
bayonet  (sm.  a.),  bai'onnette, /. 
be,  etre,  v.  n. :   se  trouver. 
bean,  haricot,  m. 
beard,  barbe,  /. 
beat,  v.  t.,   battre ;    —    a   retreat 

(mil.),  battre  en  retraite. 
beautiful,  a.,  beau  (feminine,  belle). 
become,  v.  n.,  devenir. 
bed,  lit,  to. 

bedroom,  chambre,  /.,  a  coucher. 
beafsteak,  bifteck,  m. 
beer,  biere,  /. 
before,      prep.       (place),      devant  ; 

(time,     or    order),    avant ;      adv. 

avant. 
begin,  v.  t.,  commencer. 
beginning,  debut,  m. 
behind,   prep,  adv.,   en  arriere  de, 

derriere. 
Belgian,  beige,  a. 
Belgium,  Belgique,  /. 


166 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


believe,  v.  t.,  croire. 

belly,  ventre,  /. 

belong,  v.  n.,  appartenir. 

belt,  ceinture,  /. ;   {mil.),  ceinturon, 

m. ;   zone,  /. 
bench,  banc,  m. ;   —  mark,  repere, 

m.  • 

bend,  v.  t.,  plier. 

besides,  adv.,  de  plus  ;  d'ailleurs. 
bestow  (on),  v.  t.,  decerner. 
betray,  v.  t.,  trahir. 
better,    a.,    meilleur     {comparative 

of  bon)  ;   adv.,  mieux. 
between,  prep.,  entre. 
beyond,  adv.,  au-dela. 
beyond,    prep.,    au-dela    de ;     adv., 

la-bas. 
big,  a.,  grand. 

bill,  addition,  /. ;    compte,  m. 
biplane  {aero.),  biplan,  m. 
bird,  oiseau,  m. 
birth,  naissance,  /. 
biscuit,  biscuit,  m. 
bit,  mors,  m. 

bivouac  {mil.),  bivouac,  m. 
bleed,  v.  n.  t.,  saigner. 
blood,  sang,  m. 
blow,  v.  n.,  souffler. 
boat,  bateau,  m. 
body,  corps,  m. ;    —  (of  airplane) 

{aero.),   nacelle,  /. ;    main  —  of 

the     army    {mil.),    gros,    m.,    de 

l'armee. 
bold,  a.,  hardi. 
boldness,  audace,  /. 
bolster,  traversin,  m. 
bolt  {mil.  etc.),  verrou,  m. 
bomb  {mil.),  bombe, /. 
bombard,   v.  t.   {mil.),   bombarder. 
bombardment     {mil.),     bombarde- 

ment,  m. 
bomber  {mil.),  grenadier,  m. 


bond,  lien,  m. 

bone,  os,  m.,  {the  s  is  pronounced). 

bonnet,  bonnet,  m. 

book,  livre,  m. 

bookcase,  bibliotheque,  /. 

boot,  botte,  /. 

border,  bord,  m. 

border,  v.  t.,  border. 

born,  to  be,  v.  n.,  nattre. 

bottom,  fond,  m. ;   bas,  m. 

box,  boite,  /. ;    —  car  {rr.),  wagon 

de  marchandises. 
boy,  gar^on,  m. 
boyau  {mil.),  boyau,  m. 
black,  a.,  noir. 
blanket,  couverture,  /. 
blow,  coup,  m. 
blue,  a.,  bleu. 

bracket  {art.),  fourchette,  /. 
brakeman  {rr.),  serre-freins,  m. 
breach,  breche,  /. 

bread,  pain,  m. ;   army  — ,  field  — . 

{mil.),    pain    de    munition;     — 

supplies  {mil.),  vivres-pain,  m. 

break,  v.  t.,  rompre,  briser ;   casser. 

breakfast,    dejeuner,    m. ;     to    — , 

v.  n.,  dejeuner, 
breath,    haleine,    /. ;     out    of    — , 

essouffle,  a. 
breech  {art.),  culasse, /. ;    {sm.  a.), 
tonnerre,  m.   {seat  of  the  charge). 
breeches,  culotte,  /. 
brick,  brique,  /. 

bridge,  pont,  m. ;   —  laying  {mil.), 
pontage ;    —  of  boats,   pont   de 
bateaux;  pontoon — {mil.),  pont 
de  pontons ;   suspension  — ,  pont 
suspendu  ;     trestle   — ,    pont    de 
chevalets. 
bridle,  bride,  /. 
brief,  a.,  sommaire. 
brigade  {mil.),  brigade,/. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


167 


brilliant,  a.,  brillant. 

bring,  v.  I.,  amener  ;    apporter  ;    to 

—  back,  ramener. 
broom,  balai,  m. 
brook,  ruisseau,  m. 
brother,  frere,  m. 
brush,  brosse,  /. ;   hair  — ,  brosse  a 

cheveux  ;     shaving  — ,    blaireau  ; 

tooth  — ,  brosse  a  dents, 
bucket,  seau,  m. 
buff  {color) ,  creme,  /. 
buffer  (rr.),  tampon,  m. 
bugle,  clairon,  m. 
bugler,  clairon,  m. 
bullet  (swi.  a.),  balle,  /. 
bunch,  trousseau,  m. 
bunkie  (?nil.  slang),  copain,  m. 
burn,  v.  t.,  bruler. 
bury,  v.  t.,  enterrer. 
but,  conj.,  mais. 
butt  (sm.  a.),  crosse,  /. 
butter,  beurre,  m. 
button,  bouton,  m. 
buttonhole,  boutonniere,  /. 
buy,  v.  t.,  acheter. 
by,  prep.,  par. 


caisson  (art.),  caisson,  m. 

calf,  veau,  m. ;    (of  leg),  mollet,  m. 

caliber  (art.,  sm.  a.),  calibre,  m. 

call,  v.  t.,  appeler. 

calm,    a.,  calme,  tranquille. 

calm,  calme,  m. 

camouflage  (mil.),  camouflage,  m. 

camp    (mil.),    camp,    m. ;     campe- 

ment,  m. ;    to  — ,  v.  n.,  camper; 

—  stool,  pliant,  m. 
campaign  (mil.),  campagne, /. 
campaign  hat  (mil.),  feutre,  m. 
can,  bidon,  m. 


canal,  canal,  m. 

cannon  (art.),  canon,  m. 

cannoneer  (art.),  canonnier,  m. ; 
servant,  m. 

canteen  (mil.),  bidon,  m. 

cantonment  (mil.),  cantonnement, 
m. 

cap,  casquette,  /. ;  forage  — , 
casquette  plate  (U.  S.,  British). 

captain  (mil.),  capitaine,  m.;  (of  a 
ship),  commandant,  m. 

capture  (mil.),  prise,  /. 

car  (aero.),  nacelle,  /. ;  chariot,  m. ; 
(rr.),  wagon,  m. ;  vagon,  m.; 
corridor  —  (rr.),  wagon  a  cou- 
loir;   flat  —  (rr.),  truck;    horse 

—  (rr.),   wagon   cavalier;    mail 

—  (rr.),  wagon-poste. 
carbine  (sm.  a.),  carabine,  /. 
care,  soin,  m. ;  souci,  m.  (concern), 
care  for,  v.  t.,  soigner. 

career,  carriere,  /. 

carpet,  tapis,  m. 

carriage,  voiture,  /. 

carry,  v.  t.,  porter;  —  away  from, 
enlever  de. 

cartridge  (inf.),  cartouche,  /. ; 
(art.),  gargousse,  /. ;  ball  — , 
cartouche  a  balle ;  blank  — , 
cartouche    a    blanc ;     demolition 

—  (mil.),   petard;     dummy  — , 
fausse  cartouche. 

cartridge-box  (inf.),  cartouchiere,  /. 

cartridge-case  (sm.  a.),  etui,  m. 

case,  affaire,  /. ;    cas,  m. 

cat,  chat,  m. 

causeway,  chaussee,  /. 

cavalry   (cav.),   cavalerie,  /. ;    light 

- — ,  la  legere  (Fr.  a.)  ;   —  jacket, 

dolman,  m. 
cavalryman   (cav.),   cavalier;    light 

— ,  chasseur  a  cheval  (Fr.  a.). 


168 


ENGLISH  FRENCH   VOCAEULARY 


cease,   v.   t.,    arreter;     cesser;    — 

firing,  cesser  le  feu. 
ceiling,  plafond,  m. 
cent,  sou,  to. 

center,  centre,  m. ;  —  of  resistance 
(mil.),  centre  de  resistance;    — 
of  support  (mil.),  centre  d'appui. 
centimeter  (0.4  inch) ,  centimetre,  m. 
century,  siecle,  m. 
certain,  a.,  certain, 
chair,  chaise,  /. 
change  (money),  monnaie, /. 
change,  changement,  to. 
change,  v.  t.,  changer. 
"  chap,"  garcon,  m. 
chaplain  (mil.),  aumonier,  to. 
character,  caractere,  to. 
charge,  v.  t.,  charger, 
chase,  v.  t.,  chasser. 
chauffeur,  chauffeur,  to. 
cheap,  a.,  a  bon  march6. 
check,  echec,  m. 
check,  v.  t.,  enregistrer. 
cheer,  cheer  up,  v.  t.,  egayer. 
cheese,  fromage,  to. 
cherry,  cerise,  /. 

chest,  poitrine,  /. ;   caisse, /.,  (box). 
chevrons  (mil.),  galons,  m.  pi. 
chicken,  poulet,  m. 

chief,  a.,  en  chef;  premier;  prin- 
cipal. 

chief,  chef,  to. ;  —  of  the  general 
staff  (French  army,  in  war) ,  major 
general. 

child,  enfant,  m.,  /. 

chimney,  cheminee,  /. 

chimney-clock,  pendule,  /. 

chin,  menton,  m. 

chinstrap  {mil.),  jugulaire,  /. 

choose,  v.  t.,  choisir. 

chum,  copain,  m.  (mil.  slang). 

church  (Protestant),  temple,  m. 


church,  eglise,  /.  (Roman  Catholic) ; 

—  spire,  fleehe,  /. 
cigar,  cigare,  m. 
cigarette,  cigarette,  /. 
cigarette  case,  porte-cigarettes,  m. 
circular,  a.,  circulaire. 
circulate,  v.  n.,  circuler. 
circuit,  parcours,  m. 
cite,  v.  t.,  citer. 
city,  ville,  /. 
clasp,  agrafe,  /. 
class,  classe,  /. ;   categorie,  /. 
clean,  a.,  propre. 

clean,    v.    t.,    nettoyer;     to    —    a 
trench      (mil.),      nettoyer      une 
tranchee. 
cleanliness,  proprete,  /. 
clear,  «.,  clair. 
clear,  v.  t.,  degager  ;  (of  the  weather), 

s' eclair  cir. 
clearing,  clairiere,  /. 
cleat,  taquet,  m. 
climb,  v.  n.,  grimper. 
clock  (public),  horloge,  /*. 
close,  v.  t.,  fermer ;    serrer ;    to  — 

up  (mil.),  serrer. 
cloth,  drap,  m.  ;    toile,  /. 
clothe,  v.  t.,  habiller. 
clothes,  vetements,  m.  pi. 
clothing  (mil.),  habillement,  m. 
cloud,  nuage,  /. 
coachman,  cocher,  m. 
coal,  charbon,  to. 
coast,  cote,  /. 

coat,  habit,  to.  ;  fatigue  —  (mil.), 
bourgeron. 

cock,  robinet,  m. 

cold,  a.,  froid  ;  to  be  —  (weather), 
faire  froid  ;  (person),  avoir  froid  ; 
(thing),  etre  froid. 

cold,  froid,  to.,  froideur, /. 

coffee,  cafe,  m. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


169 


collar    (sewed    on    shirt),    col,    m.  ; 

—  (detachable),    faux    col,    m. ; 

—  (of  a  coat),  collet,  m. 
collect,  v.  t.,  rassembler. 
colonel  (mil.),  colonel,  m. 

colors  (mil.),  drapeau,  m.  (drapeau 

is  the  flag  of  foot  troops :   etendard 

of  cavalry) . 
column  (mil.,  etc.),  colonne,  /. 
comb,  peigne,  m. 
comb,  v.  t.,  peigner. 
combat  (mil.),  combat,  m. 
combatant  (mil.),  combattant,  m. 
come,    v.   n.,   venir;     to   —   back, 

revenir. 
command    (mil.),    commandement, 

m. ;     the    supreme    — ,    le    haut 

commandement. 
command,  v.  t.,  commander. 
commanding  officer  (mil.,  of  a  fort, 

garrison  or  camp),  commandant 

m.,   d'armes ;     (of  a  regiment  or 

independent    battalion),    chef    de 

corps, 
communication,  communication,  /. 
company  (mil.),  compagnie,  /. 
compass,  boussole,  /. 
complete,  a.,  complet. 
completely,  adv.,  tout. 
complexion,  teint,  m. 
comrade,  camarade,  m. 
concrete,    beton,     m. ;     reinforced 

— ,  beton  arme. 
condemn  (mil.)  v.  t.,  reformer, 
condemnation  (mil.),  reforme,  /. 
condition,  etat,  m. 
confer  (on),  v.  t.,  decerner. 
conflagration,  incendie,  m.. 
confine,  v.  t.  (mil.),  consigner. 
confusion,  confusion,  /. ;    to  throw 

into  — ,  bouleverser. 
conquer,  v.  t.,  conquerir. 


consequent,  a.,  consequent, 
constancy,  Constance,  /. 
constitute,  v.  t.,  constituer. 
consult,  v.  t.,  consulter. 
contents,  contenu,  m. 
continue,  v.  n.  t.,  continuer. 
contrary,  a.,  contraire. 
control  (aero.,  mach.),  commande,  /. 
convention,  convention,  /. 
converse,  v.  n.,  causer. 
conversion  (mil.),  conversion,/. 
cook,  cuisinier,  m.    (/.,  cuisiniere). 
copy,  copie,  /. ;    copier,  v.  t. 
corn,  mai's,  m. 
corner,  coin,  m. 
corporal    (mil.),    caporal,    m.    (foot 

troops,  except  fool  artillery)  ;  briga- 
dier, m.  (mounted  troops  and  foot 

artillery) . 
corps     (mil.),     corps,     m. ;      corps 

d'armee. 
corps  man   (U.   S.   A.)    (mil.),  in- 

firmier,  m. 
corpse,  cadavre,  m. 
cost,  v.  n.,  couter. 
cost,  prix,  m. ;    at  all  costs,  coute 

que  coute;    frais  (m.  pi.). 
count,  v.  t.,  compter. 
counterattack      (mil.),      contre-at- 

taque,  /. ;     v.    t.    (mil.),    contre- 

attaquer. 
countersign  (mil.),  mot,  m. 
countersign,  v.  t.,  contresigner. 
counterthrust     (mil.),     retour    of- 

fensif,  m. 
country,  patrie,  /. ;    campagne,  /. ; 

pays,  m. 
courage,  courage,  m. 
course,  cours,  m. 
cover  (mil.),  abri,  m. 
cover,  v.  t.,  couvrir;   (mil.),  couvrir, 

abriter. 


170 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


cow,  vache,  /. 

coward,  lache,  m. 

cowhide,  vache,  /. 

cracker,  biscuit,  m. 

crazy,  a.,  fou  {feminine,  folle). 

cream,  creme,  f. 

creek,  riviere,  /. 

cross,  croix,  /. ;    Red  — ,  la  Croix 

Rouge, 
cross,  v.  t.,  traverser,  croiser;  to  — 

over  (mil.),  franchir,  v.  t. 
crossing,  croisement,  m. ;    passage, 

m. ;     level    —    (rr.),    passage    a 

niveau;     —    over    (mil.),    fran- 

chissement. 
cross-road,  chemin,  m.,  de  traverse. 
cross-roads,  carrefour,  m. 
cross-tie  (rr.),  traverse,/, 
crowd,  foule,  /. 
crown,  v.  t,  couronner. 
cry,  cri,  m. ;    crier,  v.  n. 
cuirassier  (mil.),  cuirassier,  m. 
cup,  tasse,  /.  ;   tin  —  (mil.),  quart, 
current,  courant,  m. 
currently,  adv.,  couramment. 
cursed,  a.,  maudit. 
custom,  habitude,  /. ;  usage. 
customhouse,  douane,  /. 
cut,  v.  t.,  couper,  tailler. 


daily,  a.,  journalier. 

dam,  barrage,  m. 

damage,  dommage,  m. 

danger,  danger,  m. 

dark,  a.,  sombre,  obscur. 

date,    v.    t.    n.,    dater ;     —    from, 

dater  de. 
day,  jour,  m. ;  journee,  /. 
dead,  a.,  m.,  mort. 
deadly,  a.,  meurtrier. 


dear,  a.,  cher  (price  and  affection). 

death,  mort,  /. 

declare,  v.  t.,  declarer. 

deep,  a.,  profond. 

defeat  (mil.),  defaire,  v.  t. ;   defaite, 

/• 
defend,  v.  t.,  defendre. 
defense,  defense,  /. 
defender,  defenseur,  m. 
defensive,  a.,  defcnsif. 
defensive  (mil.),  defensive,/, 
definite,  a.,  definitif. 
definitively,  adv.,  definitivement. 
degree,  degre,  m. 
delay,  v.  n.  t.,  retarder. 
demolish,  v.  t.,  demolir. 
demolition,  demolition,  /. 
density,  densite,  /. 
department,  ressort,  m.   (i.e.,  one's 

duty,  "job,"  business)  ;    departe- 

ment,    m. ;     medical    —    (mil.), 

service  de  sante. 
departure,  depart,  m. 
depose,  8.  t.,  deposer. 
deposit  (money),  v.  t.,  verser. 
depth,  profondeur,  m. 
deserve,  v.  t.,  meriter. 
designate,  v.  t.,  designer, 
desire,  desir,  m. ;  v.  t.,  desirer. 
despair,  desespoir,  m. 
despatch,  depeche,  /. 
desperate,  a.,  desespere. 
desert  (mil.)  v.  n.,  deserter, 
deserter  (mil.),  deserteur,  m. 
dessert,  dessert,  m. 
destroy,  v.  t.,  detruire. 
detached,    a.,   on   —   officers'    list 

(mil.),  hors  cadre, 
detachment    (mil.),    detachement  ; 

gun  —  (art.),  peloton. 
detrain,  v.  t.,  debarquer. 
develop,  v.  t.,  developper. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


171 


development,  developpement,  m. 

device,  engin,  m. ;   appareil,  m. 

devote,  v.  t.,  devouer. 

devoted,  a.,  devoue. 

die,  v.  n.,  mourir. 

difference,  difference,  /. ;  it  makes 
no  — ,  ca  n'est  egal,  ca  ne  fait 
rien,  n'importe. 

different,  a.,  different. 

dig,  v.  t.,  creuser;  to  —  in  {mil.), 
se  retrancher. 

dine,  v.  n.,  diner. 

dining-room,  salle,  /.,  a  manger. 

dinner,  diner,  m. 

direct,  a.,  direct. 

direct,  v.  t.,  diriger. 

direction,  direction,  /. ;    sens,  m. 

dirigible  {aero.),  dirigeable,  m. ; 
non-rigid  — ,  dirigeable  souple  ; 
rigid  — ,  dirigeable  rigide  ;  semi- 
rigid — ,  dirigeable  semi-rigide. 

disappear,  v.  n.,  disparaltre. 

disaster,  desastre,  m. 

discharge  (mil.),  liberation,/. 

discharge,  v.  t.,  remercier;  (mil.), 
liberer,  v.  t. 

dish,  plat,  m. 

dislocate,  v.  t.,  disloquer. 

displace,  v.  t.,  deplacer. 

displeased,  a.,  mecontent ;  —  with, 
f&che  contre. 

distinguish,  v.  t.,  distinguer. 

disturb,  v.  t.,  deranger;  to  be  dis- 
turbed, se  deranger. 

distribution,  distribution,  /. ;  —  of 
troops  (mil.),  dispositif,  m. 

dive,  v.  n.,  plonger ;  to  nose  — 
(aero.),  piquer  du  nez. 

divide,  v.  t.,  diviser. 

division  (mil.),  division,/. 

do,  v.  t.,  faire. 

doctor,  docteur,  medecin,  m. 


dog,  chien,  m. ;    sanitary  —  (mil.), 

chien  sanitaire. 
door,  porte,  /. ;   street  — ,  porte  de 

la  rue. 
doubt,  doute,  m. 
dragoon  (cav.),  dragon,  m. 
draw,  v.  I.,  dessiner;    —  up,  v.  t., 

ranger. 
drawer  (of  a  table),  tiroir,  m. 
drawers,  calecon,  m. 
drawing-room,  salon,  m. 
dress    (mil.),   tenue;    demi-tenue ; 

(U.    S.    A.),   field  — ,  tenue  de 

campagne  ;  full  — ,  grande  tenue  ; 

undress  (  U.  S.  A.  dress),  petite 

tenue. 
dress,  v.  t.,  habiller,  panser. 
dressing,  pansement,  m. 
drink,  v.  t.,  boire  ;  a  — ,  consomma- 

tion,  /. 
drive,  v.  t.,  conduire. 
drive  out,  v.  t.,  chasser. 
driver  (art.,  etc.),  conducteur,  m. 
drown,  v.  t.,  noyer. 
drum,  tambour,  m. ;   —  call  (mil.), 

batterie;    —  major  (mil.),  tam- 
bour-major, m. 
drummer  (mil.),  tambour,  m. 
dry,  a.,  sec. 
dugout    (mil.),    abri,    m. ;     cagibi, 

m.  (slang)  ;   guitoune,  /.  (slang) . 
duration,  duree,  /. 
during,    prep.,    pendant ;     durant ; 

au  cours  de. 
dust,  poussiere,  /. 

E 

each,    a.,    pr.,    chaque ;      chacun, 

(/.,  chacune)  ;  —  one,  chacun. 
ear,  oreille,  /. 
early,  a.,  tot,  de  bonne  heure. 


172 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


earth,  terre,  /. 

East,  est,  m. ;    the  — ,  l'orient,  w. ; 

the  far  — ,  l'extreme  Orient, 
easy,  a.,  facile, 
eat,  o.  t.,  manger, 
effect,  effet,  to. 
effort,  effort,  m. 
egg,  ceuf,  m. 
elbow,  coude,  m. 
elevation,  hausse,  /. 
elevator,  ascenseur,  to. 
elm,  orme,  to. 
elsewhere,  adv.,  ailleurs. 
emotion,  emotion,  /. 
emperor,  empereur,  to. 
employ,  v.  t.,  employer, 
employment,  emploi,  to. 
empty,  a.,  vide, 
encounter  (mil.),  rencontre,  /. 
end,    bout,    m.     (as    of    a    stick) ; 

but,  m.  (object,  purpose)  ;    fin,  /. 

(termination). 
endurance,  endurance,  /. 
endure,  v.  n.,  souffrir. 
enemy,  ennemi,  m. 
engage,  v.  /.,  engager, 
engagement  (mil.),  combat,  m. 
engineer,  mecanieien,  m. ;   sapeur, 

m.  ;    ingenieur,  to. 
engineers  (mil.),  le  genie. 
England,  Angleterre,  /. 
English,  a.,  anglais. 
Englishman,  Anglais,  to. 
enlisted    man    (mil.),    homme    de 

troupe,  m. 
enough,  adv.,  assez. 
enter,  v.  n.,  entrer. 
enterprise,  entrcprise,  /. 
enthusiasm,  elan,  to. 
entire,  a.,  entier  (/.,  entiere). 
entirely,  adv.,  tout, 
entrain,  v.  t.  (mil.),  embarquer. 


entrance,  entree,  /. 

envelope,  enveloppe,  /. 

envelop,  v.  t.,  envelopper. 

epaulet  (mil.),  epaulette,  /. 

epoch,  epoque,  /. 

equal,  a.,  egal. 

equipage  (mil.),  equipage,  to. 

equipment,  equipement,  to. 

erase,  v.  t.,  rayer. 

escadrille  (aero.),  escadrille, /. 

escape,  v.  n.,  echapper. 

especially,  adv.,  notamment. 

espionage,  espionnage,  to. 

establish,  v.  t.,  etablir. 

establishment,  etablissement,  to. 

eulogy,  eloge,  to. 

evacuate,  v.  t.  (mil.),  evacuer. 

evacuation  (mil.),  evacuation,  /. 

evening,  soir,  to. 

even  so,  quand  meme. 

ever,  adv.,  jamais. 

every,  a.,  chaque ;   tout;    tous  les; 

—  one,  chacun,  to.,  ehacune,  /. ; 

—  body,  tout  le  monde. 
everywhere,  adv.,  partout. 
evidently,  adv.,  evidemment. 
exalt,  v.  t.,  exalter. 
examination,  cxamen,  to.  ;   visite, /. 

(baggage,  etc.). 
examine,  v.  t.,  visiter, 
example,  exemple,  >n. 
exceed,  v.  t.,  depasser. 
excellence,  excellence,  /. 
excellent,  excellent,  a. ;   fameux,  a. 
except,  prep.,  sauf. 
exclude,  v.  t.,  exclure. 
execute,  v.  (.,  exfecuter. 
exercise,  exercice,  w. 
exhaust,  o.  /.,  epuiser. 
expense,  d§pense,  /. 
experience,  v.  t.,  6prouver. 
experienced,  a.,  experiment^. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


173 


explain,  v.  t.,  expliquer. 

explode,  v.  t.,  exploser. 

exploit,  v.  t.,  exploiter. 

exploration,  exploration,  /. 

explore,  v.  t.,  explorer. 

explosive,  explosif,  m. 

express,  v.  t.,  exprimer. 

expression,  expression,  /. 

eye,  ceil,  m. ;  yeux,  pi. ;  to  keep  an 

—  on  (mil.),  guetter,  v.  t. 
eyelet,  ceillet,  m. 


face,  face,  /. ;  figure,  /. 

facings  (mil.,  of  a  uniform),  pare- 
ments,  m.  pi. 

fact,  fait,  m. ;   in  — ,  en  effet. 

factory,  fabrique,  /. ;   usine,  /. 

fail,  v.  n.,  echouer  ;  faillir,  v.  n. 

failure,  faute,  /. 

"  fake,"  v.  t.  (mil.  slang),  camoufler. 

"  faking  "  (mil.  slang),  camou- 
flage, m. 

fall,  chute,  /. 

fall,  v.  n.,  tomber. 

false,  a.,  faux  (feminine,  fausse). 

famished,  a.,  affame. 

famous,  a.,  fameux. 

far,  adv.,  loin. 

farm,  ferme,  /. 

fascine  (mil.),  fascine,  /. 

father,  pere,  m. 

fatherland,  patrie,  /. 

fatigue,  v.  t.,  fatiguer. 

fatigue  duty  (mil.),  corvee,  /. ; 
—  party,  corvee,  /. 

faucet,  robinet,  m. 

fault,  faute,  /. 

fear,  peur,  /. ;   crainte,  /. 

fear,  v.  t.,  craindre  ;   avoir  peur. 

feat,  fait,  m. 


feather,  plume,  /. 

feeble,  faible,  a. 

feed,  repas,  m.,  (horses). 

feel,  v.  t.,  eprouver,  sentir. 

felloe,  jante,  /. 

felt,  feutre,  m. 

ferry,  hac^m. 

field,     champ,    m. ;     —    artillery, 

artillerie  de  campagne. 
field  glass,  jumelle,  /.  (used  also  in 

pl.). 

fifty,  cinquantaine,  /. 

fight,  combat,  m. ;   melee,  /. 

fight,  v.  t.,  combattre,  se  battre. 

file,  file,  /. 

file  (by),  v.  n.,  filer. 

file  closer  (mil.),  serre-file,  m. 

fill,  v.  t.,  remplir. 

finally,  adv.,  enfin. 

find,  v.  t.,  trouver. 

fine,  a.,  beau ;  fin ;  the  weather  is 
— ,  il  fait  beau. 

finger,  doigt,  m. 

finger-bowl,  rince-bouche,  m. 

finish,  v.  t.,  finir. 

fir,  sapin,  m. 

fire,  v.  n.  t.,  tirer. 

fire,  incendie,  m. ;  to  set  on  — ,  in- 
cendier ;  (mil.),  feu,  m. ;  tir,  m. ; 
curtain  — ,  tir  de  barrage ;  rapid 
— ,  tir  rapide ;  curved  — ,  tir 
courbe ;  rifle  — ,  fusillade ;  to 
correct  the  —  (art.),  reperer  le 
tir. 

firearm  (mil.),  arme,/. ;  k  feu. 

fireman,  chauffeur,  m. 

fireplace,  cheminee,  /. 

firm,  a.,  ferme. 

firmness,  fermete,  /. 

first,  a.,  premier. 

fish,  poisson,  m. 

fix,  v.  t.,  fixer. 


174 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


flag    (mil.),    drapeau ;     white    — , 

drapeau  blanc. 
flame,  flamme,  /. 

flank,  v.  t.  (mil.),  deborder,  flanquer. 
flanker  (mil),  flanc-garde,  m. 
flat,  a.,  plat.  [m. 

flight   (mil.),  fuitc,  /. ;    (aero.),  vol, 
floor,  plancher,  m. 
flour,  farine,  /. 
fly,  v.  n.,  voler;   to  —  over  (aero.), 

survoler,  v.  t. 
fodder,  fourrage,  m. 
fog,  brouillard,  m. 
fold,  pli,  m. 
fold,  v.  t.,  plier ;    to  —  again,   re- 

plier,  v.  t. ;   —  over,  rabattre. 
follow,  v.  t.,  suivre. 
following,  a.,  suivant. 
food,   nourriture,  /. ;    —   supplies, 

vivres,  m.  pi. 
foot,  pied,  m. 
footsore,  eclope,  a. 
footwear,  chaussure,  /. 
for,  prep.,  pour.  [m. 

forage,  fourrage,  m. ;  green  — ,  vert, 
forage  cap  (mil.),  kepi,  m.  (French); 

casquette,  /.,  plate  (  U.    S.   and 

British) . 
forbid,  v.  I.,  defendre. 
force,  force,  /. 
ford,  gu6,  m. 
forearm,  avant-bras,  m. 
forehead,  front,  m. 
foreign,  etranger,  a. 
foreigner,  etranger,  m. 
foresee,  v.  t.,  prevoir. 
foresight  (sm.  a.),  guidon,  m. 
forest,  foret,  /. 
forget,  v.  t.,  oublier. 
fork,  fourchette,  /. 
form,  t'.  t.,  former, 
form,  forme,  /. 


formal,  a.,  en  regie. 

formally,  adv.,  formellement. 

formerly,  adv.,  autrefois. 

fort  (mil.),  fort,  m. 

fortification  (mil.),  fortification,  /. 

fortify,  v.  t.,  (mil.),  fortifier. 

fortress  (mil.),  forteressc, /. 

frame,  cadre,  m. 

frame,  v.  t.,  encadrer. 

franc  (19.3  cents),  franc,  m. 

France,  France,  /. 

free,  a.,  quitte. 

freight  train    (rr.),    train,    m.,    dc 

marchandises. 
French,  a.,  francais. 
Frenchman,  Francais,  m. 
frenzied,  a.,  frenetique. 
fresh,  a.,  frais  (feminine,  fratche). 
friend,  ami,  m. ;    amie,  /. 
from,  prep.,  de. 
from  (beginning),  d6s,  prep. 
front,  front,  m. 
frontier,  frontierc,  /. 
fruit,  fruit,  m. 
full,  plein,  a. ;   complet,  a.  (no  more 

room  for  passe?igtrs)  ;    in  — ,   en 

toutes  lettres. 
function,  fonction,  /. 
furious,    a.,    furieux ;     to    make    a 

desperate  attempt,  s'acharner. 
furnish,  v.  t.,  fournir. 
furniture,  mobilier,  m. ;   piece  of  — , 

meuble,  m. 
fuse    (art.),   fusee,   /. ;     percussion 

— ,    fusee  percutantc ;     time  — , 

fusee  fusante. 
fuselage  (aero.),  fuselage,  m. 


gabion  (mil.),  gabion,  m. 
gain,  v.  L,  gagner. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


175 


gaiter,  guetre,  /. ;  (mil.),  molle- 
tiere,  /. 

gallop,  v.  n.,  galoper. 

gallop,  galop,  m. 

game,  jeu,  m. 

gap,  rupture,  /. 

garage,  garage,  m. 

garden,  jardin,  m. ;  kitchen  — 
jardin  potager. 

garment,  vetement,  m. 

garret,  grenier,  m. 

garrison  (mil.),  garnison,  /. 

gas,  gaz,  m. ;  asphyxiating  — 
(mil.),  gaz  asphyxiant. 

gasolene,  essence,  /. 

gather,  v.  t.,  rassembler. 

gear,  engin,  m. 

gelding,  cheval,  m.,  hongre. 

gendarme  (mil.),  gendarme,  m. 

gendarmery  (mil.),  gendarmerie,  /. 

general  (mil.),  general,  m. ;  —  in 
chief,  generalissime,  m. ;  lieu- 
tenant — ,  general  de  division ; 
major  — ,  general  de  brigade. 

generalship  (mil.,  grade,  dignity), 
generalat,  m. 

Geneva,  Geneve,  /. 

German,  a.,  Allemand. 

Germany,  Allemagne,  /. 

gentleman,  monsieur,  m. 

gesture,  geste,  m. 

get,  v.  t.,  obtenir;  to  be  "getting 
it,"  en  avoir;  to  - —  off  a  train, 
descendre  d'un  train ;  to  —  up, 
se  lever. 

gimlet,  vrille,  /. 

girl,  fille,  /. 

give,  v.  t.,  donner;  —  back,  v.  t., 
rendre. 

glad,  content,  a. ;  to  be  — ,  vouloir 
bien  (i.e.,  to  be  glad  to  do  a  thing, 
to  go,  etc.)  ;  etre  bien  aise. 


glance,  coup  d'ceil,  m. 

glass,  verre,  m. ;  —  of  beer,  bock, 
m. ;  window  — ,  vitre,  /. 

glide  (aero.),  vol,  m.,  plane. 

gloomy,  a.,  triste. 

glorify,  v.  t.,  glorifier. 

glove,  gant,  m. 

go,  v.  n.,  aller;  —  back,  v.  n., 
remonter;  • —  beyond,  v.  t., 
depasser ;  —  in,  entrer,  v.  n. ; 
—  out,  v.  n.,  sortir ;  —  over  the 
top  (mil.),  franchir,  v.  t. ;  —  up, 
monter ;    (aero.),  sortir. 

God,  Dieu,  m. 

goggles,  lunettes,  /.  pi. 

"  going  over  (the  top)  "  (mil.), 
franchissement,  m. 

gold,  or,  m. 

good,  a.,  bon,  sage  (i.e.,  well-be- 
haved) 

good,  n.,  bien,  m. ;  the  —  of  the 
service  (mil.),  le  bien  du  service. 

good-by,  adieu,  m. 

grade  (mil.),  grade,  m. 

gram,  gramme,  m. 

grass,  herbe,  /. 

gray,  a.,  gris. 

grease,  graisse,  /. 

grease,  v.  t.,  graisser. 

great,  a.,  grand,  haut. 

Great  Britain,  La  Grande  Bretagne, 

/• 
Greece,  Grece,  /. 
Greek,  a.,  grec,  (/.,  grecque). 
green,  a.,  vert, 
greet,  v.  t.,  saluer. 
grenade   (mil.),  grenade,  /. ;    hand 

— ,    grenade    k   main ;     rifle   — , 

grenade  a  fusil ;    incendiary  — , 

grenade  incendiaire. 
grenadier  (mil.),  grenadier,  m. 
groove  (art.,  sm.  a.),  rayure,  /. 


176 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


ground,  sol,  to. ;    terre,  /.  ;   terrain, 

m. 
ground-floor,  rez-de-chaussee,  to. 
group,  groupe,  m. ;    (art.),  groupe. 
guard  (mil.),  garde,  /. ;    —  house, 

corps  de  garde ;    new  — ,  garde 

montante ;     old    — ,    garde    de- 

scendante. 
guide,  guide,  m. 
gun  (inf.),  fusil,  m. ;    (art.),  canon, 

to. ;    piece,  /. ;    field  — ,  piece  de 

campagne ;     siege   — ,    piece   de 

siege, 
gun-carriage  (art.),  affut,  to. 
gunner   (art.),   artilleur,   in. ;    poin- 

teur. 


hail,  grele,  /. 

hair,  cheveux,  m.  pi. ;    to  trim  the 

— ,  rafralchir  les  cheveux. 
half,  a.,  demi. 

half  bred,  demi-sang,  to.  (horse). 
hall,  salle,  /. 
halt,  arret,  to. 
halt,  v.  t.,  arreter. 
ham,  jambon,  m. 
hammer,  marteau,  to. 
hand,  main,  /. ;  in  the  — ,  in  his  — , 

a  la  main ;    to  take   a  — ,   s'en 

meler. 
hand  to  hand,  corps  a  corps, 
handkerchief,  mouehoir,  to. 
hand  wheel  (mach.,  etc.),  volant,  m. ; 

elevation    —    (art.),    volant    de 

pointage. 
happen,  v.  n.,  arriver,  avoir  lieu, 
happy,  a.,  heureux. 
hard,  a.,  dur. 

hardship,  peine,  /. ;   fatigue,  /. 
harness,  harnais,  m. ;  (mil.),  harna- 

chement  (i.e.,  harness  equipnn  ///). 


harness,  v.  i.,  harnacher. 

haste,  hate,  /. 

hasten,  v.  t.,  hater. 

hasty,  a.,  precipite. 

hat,  chapeau,  m. ;  derby  —  (fam.), 
melon,  m. ;  high  — ,  chapeau 
haut  de  forme ;  straw  — , 
chapeau  de  paille;  — cord  (mil.), 
cordonnet,  m. 

hate,  hatred,  haine,  /. 

hate,  v.  t.,  hair. 

have,  v.  t.,  avoir. 

haversack  (mil.),  etui-musette,  to. 

hay,  foin,  m. 

he,  /«-.,  il,  >?i.  ;   lui. 

head,  tete,  /. 

headquarters  (mil.),  quartier  ge- 
neral, TO. 

health,  sante,  /. 

hear,  v.  t.,  entendre. 

heart,  cceur,  m. 

heat,  /.,  chaleur. 

heavy,  a.,  lourd  ;   fort. 

hectare  (10,000  square  meters), 
hectare,  to. 

hedge,  haie,  /. 

heel,  talon,  m. 

height,  hauteur,  /. 

helmet  (mil.),  casque,  m. 

help,  secours,  w. 

here,  adv.,  ici ;  —  is,  voici. 

hero,  heros,  to. 

heroic,  a.,  hero'ique. 

hesitate,  v.  n.,  hesiter. 

high,  a. i  clove;   haut. 

highroad,  grand'  route,  /. 

highway,  chaussee,  /. 

hill,  colline,  /. ;  c&te,  /. ;  c6teau, 
m. 

hire,  v.  t.,  louer. 

his  (her,  its),  pr.,  son  (sa,  ses). 

liistory,  histoire,  /. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


177 


hit,  atteint  (p.  p.  of  atteindre) . 

hog,  cochon,  to. ;    pore,  to. 

hold,  v.  t.,  conserver  ;  garder ;  tenir  ; 

to  —  out  {mil.),  tenir  bon. 
hole,  trou,  to. 
hollow,  a.,  creux. 
"  home,"  pays,  to. 
honor,  honneur,  to. 
hook,  v.  t.,  accrocher. 
horizon,     horizon,     to. ;     —     blue 

(mil.),    bleu    d'horizon    (color    of 

French  field  uniform) . 
horizontal,  a.,  horizontal, 
horse,  cheval,  m. ;    led  — ,  cheval 

de     main;      spare     — ,     cheval 

haut-le-pied ;     troop    — ,    cheval 

d'armes. 
horsepower,  cheval-vapeur,  m. 
horseshoer,  marechal  f errant,  m. 
hospital,     hopital,     m. ;      base    — 

(mil.),     hopital     de     l'interieur; 

field  —  (mil.),  ambulance. 
hot,    a.,    chaud ;    to    be   — ,    avoir 

chaud     (persons)  ;      etre     chaud 

(things)  ;   faire  chaud  {weather). 
hotel,  hotel,  m. 
hour,  heure,  /. 
house,  maison,  /. 
housewife  (mil.),  trousse,  /. 
how,  adv.,  comment, 
however,  adv.,  pourtant. 
howitzer  (art.),  obusier,  m. 
howitzers   (in  general),  artillerie  /. 

courte. 
hub,  moyeu,  to. 
Hungarian,  hongrois,  a. 
Hungary,  Hongrie,  /. 
hunger,  faim,  /. 
hungry,  a.,  aflame  ;    to  be  — ,  avoir 

faim. 
hunter,  chasseur,  m. 
hurried,  a.,  presse. 

N 


husband,  mari,  to. 
hussar  (mil.),  hussard,  m. 


I,  pr.,  je. 

idea,  idee,  f. 

if,  conj.,  si. 

imagine,  v.  t.,  imaginer. 

immediately,  adv.,  immediatement ; 

aussitot. 
importance,  importance,  /. 
impregnable,  a.,  inexpugnable. 
in,  prep.,  dans,  en. 
incline,  v.  n.,  incliner  ;    s'inflechir. 
indicate,  v.  t.,  indiquer. 
indisputable,  a.,  incontestable, 
infantry  (mil.),  infanterie, /. ;    light 

— ,  chasseurs  a  pied, 
infantryman  (mil.),  fantassin,  to. 
infiltrate,    infiltrer    (reflexive    verb), 

(mil.),  to  sift  through,  unobserved 

by  the  enemy. 
inflate,  v.  t.  (aero.,  etc.),  gonfler. 
inflation  (aero.,  etc.),  gonflement,  to. 
inform,  v.  t.,  renseigner. 
information,  renseignement,  to. 
inhabit,  v.  t.,  habiter. 
inhabitant,  habitant,  to. 
injury,  tort,  to. 
ink,  encre,  /. 
inkstand,  encrier,  to. 
insignia    (mil.),    insignes,    to.    pi. ; 

—  of  grade,  insignes  de  grade, 
inspect,  v.  t.,  visiter. 
inspection,  visite,  /. 
install,  v.  t.,  installer. 
instruction,  enseignement,  to. 
instructor  (mil.),  instructeur,  to. 
intact,  a.,  intact, 
intense,  a.,  intense, 
interest,  interet,  to. 
interpreter,  interprete,  m. 


178 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


interrogation,  interrogation,  /. 
interrupt,  v.  t.,  interrompre. 
interruption,  interruption,  /. 
intrench,  v.  t.   (mil.),  se  retrancher 

(reflexive) . 
intrenched,  a.  (mil.),  retranche. 
intrust,  v.  t.,  conner. 
inundate,  v.  t.,  inonder. 
inundation,  inondation,  /. 
inviolable,  a.,  inviolable, 
inure,    v.    t.,    rompre    a.    (e.g.,  h  la 

fatigue) . 
iron,  fer,  to. ;    sheet  — ,  tole,  to. ; 

—  wire,  fil  de  fer. 
island,  fle,  /. 
it,   pr.   (subj.),  il,   m. ;    elle,  /. ;   ce  ; 

(obj.),  le,    to.  ;    la,    /. ;     (indirect 

obj.),  lui,  to.,  /. 
Italian,  a.,  italien. 
Italy,  Italie,  /. 


jacket  (mach.),  chemise,  /. 

jeopard,  v.  t.,  risquer. 

jersey,  tricot,  to. 

jet,  jet,  to.  (d'eau). 

job,  affaire,  /.  ;    besogne,  /. 

join,  o.  L,  joindre,  rejoindre. 

joint,  joint,  to. 

joy,  joie,  /. 

jump,  saut,  to. 

jump,  v.  n.,  sauter. 

just,  a.,  juste. 

K 

keep,  v.  t.,  tenir,  garder,  conserver ; 
to  —  off,  eloigner,  v.  I. 

keep  off!  (mil.),  au  large! 

key,  clef,  /., ;  bunch  of  — s,  trous- 
seau, to.  de  clefs. 

khaki  (mil.),  kaki,  to. 


kill,  v.  t.,  tuer. 

kilogram  (2.2  pounds),  kilogramme, 

TO. 

kilometer  (|-  mile),  kilometre,  to. 

king,  roi,  to. 

kitchen,  cuisine,  /. 

knapsack  (mil.),  havresac,  to. 

knee,  genou,  to. 

kneeling,  a  genou. 

knife,     couteau,    to.  ;      pocket    — , 

canif,  m. 
knot,  nceud,  to. 

know,  v.  t.,  savoir  ;    connattre.- 

knowledge,  connaissance,  /. 


ladder,  echelle,  /. 

lady,   dame,  /. ;    a  young  — ,  une 

jeune  personne. 
lake,  lac,  to. 
lamb,  agneau,  ?n. 
lamp,  lampe,  /. 
land,  terre,  /. ;   pays,  to. 
land,  v.  n.  (aero.),  atterrir. 
landing  (mil.),  debarquement,  to.; 

(aero.),  atterrissage,  m. 
landslide,  eboulement,  m. 
lanyard  (art.),  cordon  tire-feu,  to. 
large,  a.,  gros  ;   grand. 
last,  a.,  dernier, 
late,  adv.,  tard. 
latrine  (mil.),  latrine, /. 
laugh,  ?!.  n.,  rire. 
law,  droit,  m. 
lead,  plomb,  to. 
lead,  o.  t.,  mener. 
leadership,  hegemonie,  /. 
leak,  fuite,  /. 
learn,  v.  t.,  apprendre. 
leave,   v.   n.,   sortir ;    o.   t.,  quitter; 

v.  n.,  partir. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


179 


leave  of  absence  (mil.),  conge,  m. 

left,  a.,  gauche. 

left  (side,  hand,  etc.),  gauche,  /. 

leg,  jambe,  /. 

leggings  (mil.),  guetres  molletieres, 

f.pl. 
lend,  v.  t.,  preter. 
length,  longueur,  /.  ;   parcours,  m. 
lessen,  v.  t.,  attenuer. 
let,  v.  t,  laisser. 
letter,  lettre,  /. 
level,  niveau,  m. 
lever,  levier,  m. 
library,  bibliotheque,  /. 
lieutenant    (mil.),    lieutenant,    m. ; 

second  — ,  sous-lieutenant. 
lieutenant-colonel       (mil.),       lieu- 
tenant-colonel, m. 
lifting,  a.  (aero.),  ascensionnel. 
light,  a.,  leger  (feminine,  legere). 
light,  v.  t.,  allumer. 
light,  lumiere,  /. 
lightning,  eclair,  m. 
like,  prep.,  comme. 
limber  (art.),  avant-train,  m. 
line,  ligne,  /. 
linen,  linge,  m.  ;   toile,  /. 
link    (to   one    another),   v.    I.,   s'en- 

chalner. 
lip,  levre,  /. 
liquid,  liquide,  m. ;    —  fire   (mil.), 

liquide  enflamm6. 
list,  liste,  /. ;    descriptive  —  (mil.), 

signalement,  m. 
listen,  v.  n.,  ecouter. 
liter  (1.06  quarts),  litre,  m. 
little,  a.,  petit;   adv.,  peu. 
live,    v.    n.,    vivre ;     demeurer ;     to 

—  at  or  in,  demurer  a. 
lively,  a.,  vif  (/.,  vive). 
local,  a.,  local, 
lock,  serrure,  /. ;    (sm.  a.),  platine. 


locomotive  (rr.),  locomotive,/. 

lodge,  v.  t.,  loger. 

long,  a.,  long  (/.,  longue). 

look,  air,  m. 

look  (at),  v.  t.,  regarder. 

lookout  (mil.),  guetteur,  m. 

loophole  (mil.),  creneau,  m.  ;  meur- 

triere,  /. 
lose,  v.  t.,  perdre. 
loss,  perte,  /. 
low,  a.,  bas. 

luckily,  adv.,  heureusement. 
lucky,  a.,  heureux. 
lull,  accalmie,  /. 
luminous,  a.,  lumineux. 
lying  down  (mil.),  couche,  a. 

M 

machine,  machine,  /.j  — gun 
(mil.),  mitrailleuse,  /. 

magazine,  magasin,  m. 

maid  (servant),  bonne,  /. 

mail,  courrier,  m. 

maintain,  v.  t.,  maintenir. 

major  (mil.),  chef  de  bataillon,  m. 
(inf.  and  Eng.)  :  chef  d'escadron, 
m.  (art.)  ;  chef  d'escadrons,  m. 
(cav.)  ;  commandant,  m.  (all 
arms,  in  address). 

major  general  (mil.),  general- 
major,  m. 

make,  v.  t.,  f aire ;  v.  t.,  pratiquer; 
fabriquer;  to  —  up  (mil.), 
camoufler,  v.  t. 

man,  homme,  m. 

maneuver  (mil.),  manoeuvre,  /. ; 
manceuvrer,  v.  n. 

manner,  maniere,  /. 

mantelpiece,  cheminee,  /. 

manufacture,  v.  t.,  fabriquer. 

map,  carte,  /. 


180 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


march,  rnarche,  /. 

march,  v.  n.,  marcher. 

mare,  jument,  /. 

mark,  marque,  /. 

mark,  v.  I.,  marquer. 

market,  marche,  m. 

marksman  (mil.),  tireur,  m. 

marsh,  marecage,  m. ;   marais,  m. 

marshal  (mil.),  marechal,  m. 

marshalcy  (mil.),  marechalat,  m. 

mask,  masque,  m. 

mass,  masse,  /. ;   messe,  /.  (Roman 

Catholic  Church). 
mast,  mat,  m. 
master,  maltre,  m. 
match,  allumette,  /. ;    slow —  (mil.) 

meche,  /. 
material,    materiel,   m. ;    raw  — s, 

matieres  premieres,  /.  pi. 
matter,  matiere,  /. 
mattress,  matelas,  m. 
mayor,     maire,    m. ;      — 's    office, 

mairie. 
maze,  dedale,  m. 
meal,  repas,  m. 
mean,  moyen,  a. 
means,  moyen,  m. 
measure,  mesure,  /. 
meat,  viande,  /. ;    —  on  the  hoof, 

viande  sur  le  pied ;    pickled  — , 

viande  marinee  ;     preserved  — , 

viande  de  conserve ;   —  supplies 

(mil.),     vivres-viande,     m.     pi. ; 

tinned  — ,  signe,  m.  (mil.  slang). 
mechanic,  mecanioien,  m. 
medal,  m6daille,  /. 
medicine,  medecine,  /. 
meet,  v.  t.,  rencontrer. 
meeting,  rencontre,  /. 
melon,   melon,    m. ;    (Jam.),  derby 

hat. 
memorable,  a.,  memorable. 


menace,  v.  t.,  menacer. 
mend,  v.  t.,  raccommoder. 
mention,  v.  t.,  citer;    —  in  orders 

(mil.),  citer  a  l'ordre. 
merchandise,  marchandise,  /. 
merchant,  marchand,  m. 
merciful,  a.,  clement, 
mess  call  (mil.),  la  soupe, /. 
mess-tin  (mil.),  gamelle, /. 
meter  (3.28  feet),  metre,  m. 
method,  moyen,  m. ;  maniere,  /. 
middle,  milieu,  m. 
midnight,  minuit,  m. 
military,  a.,  militaire. 
milk,  lait,  m. 
millimeter  (0.04  inch),  millimetre, 

m. 
million,  million,  m. 
mine,  mine,  /. 
mine,  v.  t.  (mil.),  miner, 
minute,  minute,  /. 
mirror,  miroir,  m. 
misfire  (art.,  sm.  a.),  rate,  m. 
misfortune,  malheur,  m. 
miss,   v.   I.,   manquer ;    to  —  fire, 

rater. 
mission,  mission,  /. 
mist,  brume,  /. 
mix,  v.  t.,  meler. 
moment,  moment,  m. 
money,  argent,  m. 
monkey,  singe,  m. 
monoplane  (aero.),  monoplan,  m. 
month,  nioia,  m. 
moon,  lune,  /. 
"  mop,"  v.  t.  (mil.),  nettoyer  (une 

tranchee). 
morale  (mil.),  moral,  m. 
more,  adv.,  plus;    encore;    —  and 

— ,  de  plus  en  plus ;    no  — ,  no 

.  .  .  plus ;   what  is  — ,  encore  et 

plus. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


181 


moreover,  adv.,  de  plus  ;   d'ailleurs  ; 

en  outre, 
morning,  matin,  m. 
mortar,  mortier,  to.  (cement)  ;  (art.), 

mortier,  to. ;    trench  — ,  mortier 

de      tranchee;      — shell     (art.), 

bombe,  /. 
mosquito,  moustique,  to. 
most,  adv.,  plus. 
mother,  mere,  /. 
motion,  mouvement,  to. 
motor,  moteur,  to. 
mouth,    bouche,  /. ;     (of  animals), 

gueule,  /. ;     useless   — s    (mil.), 

bouches  inutiles. 
movement,  mouvement,  to. 
mow,  v.  t.,  faucher  ;    (mil.),  faucher. 
much,   adv.,   beaucoup ;    Men;    too 

— ,  trop. 
mud,  boue,  /. 
mule,  mulet,  to. 
must,  v.  n.,  devoir;   p.  p.,  du. 
mustache,  moustache,  /. 
muster  roll  (mil.),  controle,  to. 
my,  pr.,  mon,  to.  ;   ma,  /. ;   mes,  pi. 

N 

nail,    clou,    m. ;     ongle,   to.    (of  the 

hand) . 
naked,  a.,  nu. 
name,  nom,  to. 

name,  v.  t.,  appeler ;  nommer. 
napkin,  serviette,  /. 
narrow,  a.,  etroit. 
nationality,  nationality,  /. 
naturally,  adv.,  naturellement. 
navy,  marine,  /. 
near,  adv.,  pres. 
necessary,    a.,    necessaire ;     to    be 

— ,  v.  7i.,  falloir. 
necessity,  besoin,  to. 


neck,  cou,  to. 

necktie,  cravate,  /. 

need,  n.,  besoin,  m. 

need,  v.  t.,  avoir  besoin  de. 

needle,  aiguille,  /. 

neigh,  v.  n.,  hennir. 

neighbor,  voisin,  to. 

neighborhood,  environs,  to.  pi. ; 
voisinage,  to. 

neighboring,  a.,  avoisinant,  pro- 
chain. 

net,  filet,  to. 

network,  reseau,  to. 

neutral,  a.,  neutre. 

neutrality,  neutralite,  /. 

never,  adv.,  ne  .  .  .  jamais. 

nevertheless,  adv.,  cependant,  ne- 
anmoins. 

new,  a.,  nouveau  (feminine,  nou- 
velle)  ;  neuf  (feminine,  neuve). 

newspaper,  journal,  to. 

next,  a.,  prochain. 

night,  nuit,  f. 

no,  a.,  aucun. 

no,  adv.,  non. 

non-commissioned  officer  (mil.), 
sous-officier,  to. 

nook,  coin,  to. 

noon,  midi,  m. 

north,  nord,  to. 

nose,  nez,  to. 

nostril,  narine,  /. 

not,  adv.,  ne  .  .  .  pas;  —  at  all, 
nullement. 

note,  note,  /. 

note,  v.  t.,  noter. 

nothing,  rien,  to. 

notice,  v.  t.,  remarquer. 

nourishment,  nourriture,  /. 

now,  adv.,  maintenant. 

now,  conj.,  or. 

numerous,  a.,  nombreux. 


182 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


nurse  (male),  (mil.),  infirmier,  to. ; 

—  (female),  infirmiere, /. 
nurse,  v.  t.,  soigner. 


oak,  chene,  to. 

oath,  serment,  to. 

oats,  avoine,  /. 

object  (of),  but,  m.\  objet. 

objective  (mil.),  objectif,  m. 

observation  (mil.),  observation,  /. ; 
—  post    (mil.),   observatoire,   m. 

observe,  v.  t.  (mil.,  etc.),  observer. 

obstruct,  v.  I.,  obstruer. 

obtain,  ».  {.,  obtcnir. 

occasion,  occasion,/. 

occupation,  occupation,  /. 

occupy,  v.  t.,  oceuper. 

odd,  a.,  singulier. 

of,  prep.,  de. 

offend,  v.  I.,  fachcr ;  to  be  offended, 
se  facher. 

offensive,  a.,  offensif. 

offensive  (mil.),  offensive,  /. 

offer,  v.  t.,  offrir. 

office,  cabinet,  m. ;  bureau,  m. ; 
post  and  telegraph  — ,  bureau 
des  postcs  et  telegraphes. 

officer  (mil.),  officier,  m. ;  com- 
pany — ,  officier  subalterne ; 
field  — ,  officier  superieur ;  gen- 
eral — ,  officier  general. 

old,  a.,  ancien. 

on,  adv.,  dessus. 

on,  prep.,  sur. 

one,  a.,  un. 

one,  pr.,  on. 

only,  adv.,  settlement ;  ne  .  .  .  que. 

only,  a.,  seul  ;  unique. 

open,  a.,  deoouvert ;  ouvert  (p.  p. 
of  ouvrir). 


open,   v.  I.,  ouvrir,  frayer  (e.g.,  to 

open    a    ivay)  ;     —    fire    (mil.), 

ouvrir  le  feu. 
opening,  ouverture,  /. 
operate,  v.  I.,  operer. 
operation,  operation,  /. 
opinion,  avis,  m. 
opportunity,     occasion,    /.,    oppor- 

tunite,  /. 
oppose,  o.  t.,  opposer. 
opposite,  a.,  contraire. 
or,  conj.,  ou  ;  —  else,  ou  bien. 
orchard,  verger,  m. 
order,  ordre,  m. 
orders     (as    of    a    sentinel),     con- 

signe,  /. 
orderly      (mil.),      ordonnance,     /. ; 

planton,  m. 
organization,  organisation,  /. 
organize,  v.  t.,  organiser, 
origin,  origine,  /. 
other,  a.,  autre, 
ought,  v.  n.,  devoir, 
our,  pr.,  notre,  s.,  nos,  pi. 
ours,  pr.,  lc  notre,  to.  ;   la  notre,  /. ; 

les  notres,  pi. 
outflank,  v.  t.,  (mil.),  deborder. 
outflanking,  a.,  debordant. 
outpost  (mil.),  avant-poste,  to. 
outside  (of),  prep.,  hors. 
outstrip,  o.  t.,  devancer. 
over,  adv.,  au-dessus. 
over,  prep.,  par-dessus. 
overcoat,  capote,  /. ;  par-dessus,  m. 

(mil.,  etc.),  manteau. 
oversee,  v.  t.,  surveiller. 
over  there,   over  yonder,  adv.,  la- 

bas. 
overthrow,  v.   t.,  bouleverser ;   cul- 

buter. 
owe,  o.  t.,  devoir, 
ox,  bceuf,  m. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


183 


pace,  pas,  to. 

pack  (mil.),  sac,  to. 

package,    paquet,    to.  ;     colis,    to. ; 

first    aid    —    (mil.),    paquet   de 

pansement. 
palm,  palme,  /. 
pantry,  office,  m. 
paper,     papier,     to ;      blotting     — , 

papier  buvard  ;   letter  — ,  papier 

a  lettres. 
parallel  (mil.),  parallele,  /. 
parapet  (mil.),  parapet,  to. 
parcel,  colis,  m. 
parcel-room     (rr.),     consigne,     /. ; 

depot,  m. 
parish,  paroisse,  /. 
park  (mil.,  etc.),  pare,  m. 
parlor,  salon,  m. 
part,    part,    /.    (share)  ;     partie,    /. 

(part    of    a    whole)  ;      role,     m.  ; 

spare  — s   (mil.,  etc.),  pieces  de 

rechange. 
party,  parti,  m. 
pass,  v.  t.  n.,  passer, 
passage,  passage,  m. 
passenger  (on  vessel),  passager,  m. ; 

(on    train),     voyageur,    to. ;      — 

train  (rr.),  train  de  voyageurs. 
pasture,  pature,  /. ;    to  — ,  mettre 

au  vert. 
path,  sentier,  m. 
patrol  (mil.) ,  patrouille,  /. 
patrol,  v.  n.  (mil.),  patrouiller. 
pavement,  pave,  m. 
paw,  patte,  /. 
pay  (mil.),  pret,  m.  (enlisted  men)  ; 

solde,  /.  (officers) . 
pay,  v.  t.,  payer, 
paymaster      (mil.),     payeur,     m. ; 

trescner,  to. 
pea,  pois,  to. 


peace,  paix,  /. 

pen,  plume,  /. 

pencil,  crayon,  m. 

pendulum,  pendule,  m. 

penetrate,  v.  t.,  penetrer. 

pension,  pension,  /. 

people,  gens,  m.  or  f.  pi. 

pepper,  poivre,  m. 

percussion,  n.  =  a.  (art.,  sm.  a.), 
percutant. 

perfect,  a.,  parfait. 

perfectly,  adv.,  parfaitement. 

perhaps,  adv.,  peut-etre. 

peril,  peril,  to. 

perilous,  a.,  perilleux. 

perpendicular,  a.,  perpendiculaire. 

person,  personne,  /. 

personnel,  personnel,  to. 

petard  (mil.),  petard,  to. 

pick,  pic,  to. 

pick  up,  v.  t.,  ramasser. 

picket,  piquet,  to. 

piece,  piece,  /. ;    (inf.,  art.),  piece. 

pierce,  v.  t.,  percer. 

pile,  pilotis,  to. 

pillow,  oreiller,  to.  ;  —  case,  taie, 
/.,  d'oreillor. 

pilot,  pilote,  to. 

pin,  epingle,  /. 

pine,  pin,  to. 

pioneer    mil.),  pionnier,  to. 

pipe,  pipe,  /. ;  tuyau,  to. 

pistol,  pistolet,  m. 

piston,  piston,  m. 

pity,  dommage,  to. 

place,  endroit,  to.  ;  lieu,  to  ;  place,  /. 

place,  v.  t.,  mettre  ;  placer  ;  poser. 

plain,  plaine,  /. 

plan,  plan,  w.  ; 

plane,  plan,  to.;  (aero.),  avion,  to.  ; 
battle  — ,  avion  de  combat ;  pur- 
suit — ,  avion  de  chasse. 


184 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


plant,  plante,  J. ;   outillage,  m. 

plate,  assiette,  /.  (for  food)  ; 
plaque,  /.,  (e.g.,  in  mach.,  art., 
etc.). 

platform,  plate-forme,  /.  (in  gen- 
eral) ;    (rr.),  quai,  m. 

platoon  (mil.),  peloton,  m. 

play,  jcu,  //(. 

play,  v.  n.,  jouer. 

please,  v.  re.,  plaire  a ;  if  you  — , 
s'il  vous  plait. 

pleasing,  amiable,  a. 

pleasure,  plaisir,  //(. 

plug,  tampon,  m. 

pocket,  poche,  /. 

pocketbook,  porte-feuille,  m. 

point,  point,  rre. ;  aiming —  (art.), 
point  de  pointage ;  registration 
—  (art.),  point  de  repere. 

pole  prop  (art.),  servante,  /. 

police,  police,  /. 

policeman,  sergent,  m.,  de  ville. 

polish,  v.  t.,  polir ;  (mil.),  astiquer. 

polishing  (mil.),  astiquage,  m. 

polite,  gentil,  a. 

pontoon  (mil.),  ponton,  m. 

pool,  mare,  /. 

poor,  o.,  pauvre. 

poplar,  peuplier,  m. 

pork,  pore,  in. 

porter,  facteur,  in. 

position,  position,  /. 

possible,  a.,  possible. 

post,  poste,  /.  (post  office)  ;  poteau, 
m.  (e.g.,  telegraph). 

post  (mil.),  poste,  m. ;  command- 
ing officer's  — ,  poste  de  com- 
mandement ;  Cossack  — ,  avant- 
postc  a  la  cosaque  ;  listening  — , 
poste  d'ecoute;  observing  — , 
poste  d'ol  »Bervation  ;  on —  (mil.), 
en  faction. 


post  office,  poste,  /. 

potato,  pomme,  /.,  de  terre. 

pour,  v.  t.,  verser. 

power,    puissance,    /. ;     lifting    — 

(aero.),  puissance  aseensionnelle. 
powerful,  a.,  puissant, 
powerless,  a.,  impuissant. 
practicable,  a.,  praticable. 
practical,  a.,  pratique, 
precede,  v.  t.,  pr6ceder. 
precipitate,  a.,  precipite. 
precisely,  adv.,  justement. 
prefer,  v.  t.,  preferer. 
preparation,  preparation,  /. 
prepare,  v.  I.,  preparer,  amenager. 
prescription,  ordonnance,  /. 
present,    present,    m. ;    all  are  — , 

Sir!     (mil.),    (Mon    Lieutenant, 

Capitaine)    II    ne   manque    per- 

sonne. 
present,  v.  t.,  presenter, 
pressure  (steam,  etc.),  pression,  /. 
pretend,  v.  ».,  faire  semblant  de. 
pretty,  a.,  joli. 
prevent,  v.  I.,  empfecher. 
price,  prix.  m. 

priest,  pretre,  m.  ;  parish — ,  cure,7«. 
prisoner,  prisonnier,  m. 
private  (mil.),  .-imple  soldat,  in. 
privation,  privation,  /. 
probable,  o.,  probable, 
procedure,  procede,  m. 
process,  procede,  m. 
produce,  v.  t.,  produire. 
profile,  profil,  m. 

projectile  (art.,sm.  a.),  projectile,  m. 
prolonged,  a.,  prolonge. 
promenade,  promenade,  /. 
promote,   d.   t.   (mil.),   avancer;    to 

be     promoted     colonel,     passei 

colonel, 
promotion  (mil.),  avancement,  m. ; 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


185 


—  by  length  of  service,  avance- 
ment  a  l'anciennete ;  —  by 
selection,  avancement  au  choix. 

propeller,  helice,  /. 

prophet,  prophete,  to. 

prostitute,  fille,  /.,  publique. 

protect,  v.  t.,  proteger. 

protection,  protection,  /. 

prove,  v.  t.,  prouver. 

provided,  conj.,  pourvu  que. 

province,  province,/,  (i.e.,  region)  ; 
ressort,  to.  (i.e.,  "job,"  business). 

provision,  provision,  /. 

provoke,  v.  t.,  provoquer. 

provost  (mil.),  prevot,  to. 

Prussia,  Prusse,  /. 

Prussian,  a.,  prussien. 

puff,  bouffee,  /. 

pulley,  poulie,  /. 

purchase,  achat,  to. ;    acheter,  v.  t. 

purpose,  but,  to. 

purse,  porte-monnaie,  to. 

pursue,  v.  (.,  poursuivre. 

pursuit  (mil.),  poursuite, /. 

push,  v.  t.,  pousser ;    —  back,  v.  t., 
repousser. 

put,     v.     t.,     mettre;       —    back, 
remettre,  v.  t. 

puttee   (mil.),   bande  molletiere,  /. 


quarry,  carriere,  /. 

quarter,  quart,  to. 

quartermaster  (mil.),  intendant ; 
fourrier  (non-commissioned  officer 
and  corporal)  ;  chief  —  (Fr.  a.), 
intendant  general  (see  .  Fr.-Eng. 
part)  ;  chief  —  (Fr.  a.),  inten- 
dant militaire  (see  Fr.-Eng.  part)  ; 
company  —  sergeant  (Fr.  a.),  ser- 
gent-major;  — •  corporal  (Fr.  a.), 


caporal    fourrier ;    —  corps    (Fr. 

a.),  intendance  ; —  sergeant  (Fr. 

a.),  sergent  fourrier. 
question,  v.  (.,  interroger. 
question,  question,  /. 
quick,  a.,  vite. 
quickly,  adv.,  vite. 
quiet,  a.,  tranquille. 
quit,  v.  t.,  quitter. 
quite,  adv.,  assez. 

R 

raft,  radeau,  to. 

railroad,  chemin  de  fer,  to. 

railway-station,  station,  /. ;   gare,  /. 

rain,  pluie,  /. 

rain,  v.  n.,  pleuvoir. 

raincoat    (mil.),    manteau,    to.,    de 

pluie. 
raise,  v.  t.,  elever  ;  lever, 
rally  (mil.),  rallier,  v.  t. 
rampart  (mil.),  rempart,  to. 
ramrod  (mil.),  baguette,/, 
range  (mil.),  portee,  /. ;   —  finder, 

telemetre,  to. 
rank  (mil.),  rang,  to.;    in  two  — s, 

sur  deux  rangs. 
rapid,  a.,  rapide. 
rapidly,  adv.,  rapidement. 
rarely,  adv.,  rarement. 
rate,  taux,  to.  (of  interest). 
rather,  adv.,  plutot. 
ration,  /.  (mil.),  ration, 
ravine,  ravin,  to. 
reach,  v.  t.,  atteindre. 
rear  (mil.),  arriere,  m. 
rear-guard   (mil.),   arriere-garde,  /. 
rear-sight  (art.,  sm.  a.),  hausse, /. 
reason,  raison,  /. 
recall  (mil.),  rappel,  m. 
recall,  v.  t.,  rappeler;  revoquer. 
receive,  v.  t.,  recevoir. 


186 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


recognize,  v.  t.,  reconnattre. 

recoil  (art.,  sm.  a.,  mil.  in  gen.), 
recul,  m. 

recoil  (art.,  sm.  a.,  mil.  in  gen.), 
v.  n.,  reculer. 

recollect,  v.  t.,  se  rappeler. 

recommence,  v.  I.,  recommencer. 

recommend,  v.  t.,  recommander. 

reconnaissance  (mil.),  reconnais- 
sance, /. 

reconnoiter,  v.  t.,  (mil.),  reconnaitre. 

reconquer,  v.  t.,  reconquerir. 

recross,  v.  t.,  repasser. 

recruit,  v.  t.  (mil.),  recruter. 

recruit  (mil.),  recrue,  /. ;  bleu 
(slang). 

red,  a.,  rouge. 

redoubt  (mil.),  reduit,  m.  (in  the 
center  of  a  permanent  fort,  keep)  ; 
redoute,  /.  (in  the  field,  or  in 
the    outworks,    of   a   fortress). 

reenforce,  v.  t.,  renforcer. 

reestablish,  v.  t.,  retablir. 

refill,  v.  t.  (mil.),  ravitailler. 

refilling  (mil.),  ravitaillement,  m. 

reform,  v.  t.  (mil.),  rallier. 

refresh,  v.  t.,  rafralchir. 

refuge,  refuge,  m. 

refuse,  v.  I.  (mil.,  etc.),  refuser. 

regiment  (mil.),  regiment,  m.  ; 
corps,  m. 

region,  parage,  m.,  region,/. 

register,  v.  t.,  enregistrer ;  —  a 
letter,  recommander  une  lettre. 

regret,  regret,  m. 
regret,  v.  t.,  regretter. 

regular,  regulier,  a.  ;    eonsacre,  a. 

regulate,  v.  t.,  reglcr. 
regulations  (mil.)  reglement  ;    drill 
— ,  reglement  de  manoeuvre;  to 
make  — s  for,  reglementer. 
reinforce,  v.  I.  (mil.),  renforcer. 


reinforcement  (mil.),  renforcement, 

renfort. 
rejoin,  v.  t.  (mil.),  rallier. 
relaxation,  relache,  m. 
relief  (mil.,  of  troops,  etc.),  relive,/, 
relieve,  v.  t.  (mil.),  relever. 
remain,  v.  n.,  rester. 
remainder,  reste,  m. 
remains,  debris,  m. 
remark,  v.  t.,  remarquer. 
remarkable,  a.,  remarquable. 
remount,  v.  t.,  remonter. 
remove,    v.    t.,    eloigner ;     (from    a 

list),  rayer,  v.  t. 
render,  v.  t.,  rendre. 
renew,    v.    t.,    renouveler ;      to    — 

supplies  (mil.),  ravitailler,  v.  t. 
repast,  repas,  m. 
repeat,  v.  t.,  repeter. 
reply,  v.  n.,  repondre. 
report  (mil.),  rapport,  m. 
report,  v.  t.,  signaler. 
reprisals  (mil.),  represailles,  /.  pi. 
request,  demande,  /. 
request,  v.  t.,  demander. 
reserve  (mil.),  reserve,/, 
resign,  v.  t.,  resigner. 
resist,    v.    n.    (mil.,    etc.),     resister 

(takes  a), 
resistance  (mil.,  etc.),  resistance,  /. 
resolute,  a.,  ferme. 
resolve,  v.  t.,  resoudre. 
resource,  ressource,  /. 
respecting,  prep.,  quant  h,. 
respite,  relac  he,  //(. 
rest,  repos,  m. 
rest,  v.  t.,  appuyer,  reposer ;   s'ap- 

puyer,  se  reposer. 
restaurant,  restaurant,  m. 
restore,  v.  t.,  remettre. 
resume,  v.  t.,  reprendre. 
retain,  v.  t.,  retenir. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


187 


retaliation  (mil.),  represailles,  /.  pi. 

retard,  v.  t.,  ralentir. 

retire,  v.  t.  (mil.),  retraiter,  mettre 
a  la  retraite  ;  to  —  compulsorily, 
reformer,  v.  t., 

retirement  (mil.),  retraite,  /. ;  com- 
pulsory — ,  reforme,  /. 

retreat  (mil.),  retraite,  /. ;  recul,  m. 

retreat,     v.     n.     (mil.),     reculer; 
battre  en  retraite. 

return,  rctour,  m. 

return,  v.  n.,  rentrer ;  retourner ; 
revenir ;  to  —  to  (a  matter) , 
revenir  sur. 

reveille  (mil.),  reveil,  to.  ;   diane,  /. 

revenge,  revanche,  /. 

review  (mil.),  revue,  /. ;  to  — , 
passer  en  revue,  passer  la  revue 
de. 

revoke,  v.  t.,  revoquer. 

revolver  (sm.  a.),  revolver,  to. 

reward,  recompense,  /. 

reward,  v.  t.,  recompenses 

rice,  riz,  to. 

ride,  v.  n.,  monter  a  cheval. 

rifle  (sm.  a.),  fusil,  to.  ;  magazine 
— ,  fusil  a  repetition ;  auto- 
matic — ,  fusil  mitrailleur,  to. 

rifleman  (mil.),  fusilier,  to.  (esp. 
automatic  rifleman). 

right,  a.,  droit. 

right,  droit,  to. 

right  (side,  hand,  etc.),  droite,  /. 

risk,  risque,  to. 

risk,  v.  t.,  risquer. 

river  (large),  fleuve,  to.  ;  —  (small), 
riviere,  /. 

road,  route,  /. ;  chemin,  to.  ; 
voie,  /.  ;  state  — ,  route  nationale. 

road  (rail),  chemin  de  fer;  double 
track  — ,  chemin  de  fer  a  deux 
voies  ;   narrow-gauge  — ,  chemin 


de   fer    a   voie    etroite ;      single 

track  — ,  chemin  de  fer  a  voie 

unique, 
roast  beef,  rosbif,  to. 
rocket  (mil.),  fusee,  /. ;    —  stand, 

chevalet. 
role,  role,  to. 
roll,  v.  n.  t.,  rouler. 
Roman,  a.,  romain. 
roof,  toit,  to. 

room,  chambre,  /. ;  large  — ,  salle,  /. 
round,  tournee,  /. 
rout  (mil.),  deroute, /. 
ruddy,  a.,  sanguin. 
ruins,  debris,  to.   (e.g.,  of  a   house 

that  has  been  shelled). 
rule,  regie,  /. 
Rumania,  Roumanie,  /. 
Rumanian,  roumain,  a. 
run,  v.  n.,   courir ;    —  away,  fuir, 

s'enfuir. 
runner  (mil.),  coureur,  m. 
Russia,  Russie,  /. 
Russian,  a.,  russe. 
rye,  seigle,  to. 


saber,  sabre,  to. 

sack,  sac,  m. 

sacrifice,  sacrifice,  m. 

sacrifice,  v.  I.,  sacrifier. 

sad,  a.,  triste. 

saddle,  selle,  /. 

saddle,  v.  t.,  seller. 

saddler,  sellier,  to. 

safety,  salut,  m. 

sailor,  marin,  to.  ;    matelot,  to. 

sale,  vente,  /. 

salient  (mil.),  saillant,  to. 

sally,  v.  n.,  sortir. 

salt,  sel,  to. 

salute,  v.  t.  (mil.),  saluer. 


188 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


salute  (mil.),  salut,  m.   (e.g.,  to   a 

general) . 
salvo  (mil.),  salve,  /. 
same,  a.,  meme. 
sanctioned,  a.,  consacre. 
sand,  sable,  m. 
sap  (mil.),  sape,  /. 
sap,  o.  t.  (mil.),  saper. 
sapper  (mil.),  sapeur,  m. 
satisfaction,  satisfaction,  /. 
satisfy,  v.  n.,  satisfaire  (takes  a), 
saucer,  soucoupe,  /. 
save,  v.  t.,  sauver. 
Saxon,  a.,  saxon. 
Saxony,  Saxe,  /. 
saw,  scie,  /. 
saw,  v.  t.,  scier. 
say,  v.  t.,  dire. 

scabbard  (sm.  a.),  fourreau,  m. 
scale,    echelle,    /. ;   —    ^$,    echelle 

au^j. 
school,  ecqle,  /. 
Scotland,  Ecosse,  /. 
scout  (mil.),  eclaireur,  m. 
screw,    vis,   /. ;     breech   —    (art.), 

vis  de  culasse. 
sea,  mer,  /, 
seafaring,  marin,  a. 
second,  a.,  second  ;   deuxieme. 
section    (inf.),    section,   /. ;     (art.), 

section  (2  guns). 
sector  (mil.),  secteur,  m. 
security  (mil.,  etc.),  surete, /. 
see,  v.  t.,  voir, 
seem,  v.  n.,  sembler. 
seeming,  semblant,  m. 
seize,  v.  t.,  saisir. 
selection,  choix,  m. 
sell,  v.  t.,  vendre. 
send,     v.     t.,     cnvoyer ;      diriger ; 

exp6dier;    to  —  back,  v.  t.,  ren- 

voyer. 


sense,  sens,  m. 

sentry    (mil.),    sentinelle,  /. ;     fac- 

tionnaire,   m. ;    —   duty,  —  go, 

faction, 
sergeant  (mil.),  sergent  (foot  troops, 

except   artillery)  ;     marechal    des 

logis    (mounted    troops    and   foot 

artillery) . 
series,  suite,  /. ;  serie,  /. 
servant,  domestique,  m.,  f. 
serve,  v.  n.,  servir. 
service,  service,  m. 
set,    v.    t.,    poser,    mettre ;     to    — 

about,  se  mettre  a ;    to  —  down, 

poser  ;   to  —  out,  partir. 
shaft  (mach.),  arbre,  m. 
shake,  v.  t.,  secouer. 
shaking,  secousse,  /. 
share,  part,  /. 

sharpshooter  (mil.),  tireur,  m. 
shave,    v.    t.,    raser;     se    faire    la 

barbe. 
shaven,  rase,  p.  p. 
shaving  brush,  blaireau,  m. 
sheaf,  gerbo,  /. 
sheet,  drap,  m. 

shell    (art.),    obus,    m. ;     high    ex- 
plosive — ,  obus  explosif. 
shell  shock  (mil.),  obusite,  /. 
shelter  (mil.),  abri,  m. 
shelter,  v.  t.  (mil.),  abriter. 
shine,  v.  re.,  briller. 
ship,  navire,  m. 
shirt,  chemise,  /. 
shoe,  Soulier,  m.  (mil.)  ;  brodequin, 

m. ;   semelle  (auto). 
shoe-lace,  lacet,  m. 
shore,  rive,  /. 
shoulder,  epaule,  /. ;  —  knot  (mil.), 

contre-cpaulette,  /. 
shovel,  pelle,  /. 
show,  v.  t.,  montrer. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


189 


shrapnel  (art.),  obus  k  balles,  to. ; 

shrapnel,  to. 
sick,  a.,  malade. 
sickness,  maladie,  /. 
side,  cote,  to. ;  parti,  to. 
sidewalk,  trottoir,  to. 
siege  (mil.),  siege,  to. ;   —  artillery 

(art.),  artillerie  de  siege, 
sift,  v.  t.,  tamiser ;    to  —  through 

{mil.),  s'infiltrer. 
sifting,   tamisage,  to.  ;    —  through 

(mil.),  infiltration, 
sight  (art.,  sm.  a.),  mire,  /. ;   battle 

—   (sm.  a.),  hausse  de  combat; 

line  of  — ,  ligne  de  mire, 
sign,  v.  t.,  signer, 
signal,  signal,  to. 
signalman  (mil.),  signaleur,  m. 
silk,  soie,  /. 
similar,  a.,  pareil. 
simple,  a.,  simple, 
simultaneous,  a.,  simultane. 
simultaneously,     adv.,     simultane- 

ment. 
since,    prep.,    depuis,    depuis    que; 

conj.,  puisque  ;   adv.,  depuis. 
single  seater  (aero.),  monoplace,  m. 
singular,  a.,  singulier. 
sink,  v.  t.,  enfoncer. 
sir,  monsieur,  to. 
sister,      sccur,     /. ;       (mil.     slang) , 

frangine,  /. 
site,  site,  m. 
sketch,    apercu,    to. ;     croquis,    m. 

(drawing) . 
sketch,  v.  t.,  esquisser. 
skilled,  a.,  experimente. 
skin,  peau,  /. 

skirmish,  v.  n.  (mil.),  tirailler. 
skirmisher  (mil.),  tirailleur,  m. 
sky,  ciel,  m. 
slang,  argot,  m. 


sleep,    sommeil,  m.;    to  put  to  — , 

endormir,  v.  t. 
sleep,  v.  n.,  dormir. 
sleepy,  to  be,  avoir  sommeil. 
sling  (mil.),  bretelle, /. 
slope,   rampe,  /.    (for  loading    and 

unloading)  ;    pente,  /.  (declivity)  ; 

versant,  m. 
small,     a.,     petit ;      —     groceries 

(mil.),   petits  vivres ;     ■ —   quan- 
tity, peu,  m. 
smoke,  fumee,  /. 
smoke,  v.  n.  t.,  fumer. 
snow,  v.  n.,  neiger. 
snow,  neige,  /. 
so,    adv.,    ainsi ;     si,    de    la    sorte; 

conj.,  pourvu  que. 
soap,  savon,  m. 
sock,  chaussette,  /. 
soil,  sol,  to.  ;   terre,  /. 
soldier  (mil.),  soldat,  m. ;   troupier, 

to. ;     private   — ,    simple   soldat ; 

— 's  pocketbcok,  livret. 
sole,  semelle,  /.  (of  a  shoe). 
somber,  a.,  sombre. 
some,  a.,  quelque. 
sometimes,  adv.,  parfois. 
somewhere,  adv.,  quelque  part, 
son,  fils,  to. 

soon,  adv.,  tot,  bientot. 
sorry,    a.,    desole,    fache;    —    for, 

faohe  de. 
sort,  sorte,  /. 

sort,  v.  t.,  trier  (letters).  [m. 

sorting  (of  the  mail),  tri,  m. ;  triage, 
sou,  sou, w. 
sound,  son,  w. 
sound,  v.  n.  t.,  sonner. 
soup,  soupe,  /. 

space,  espace,  m. ;    empty  — ,  vide, 
spade,    beche,   /.  ;    trail    — ■    (art.), 
beche  de  crosse. 


190 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


spahi  (Fr.  a.),  spahi,  to. 

spare  parts,  pieces,  /.,  de  rechange. 

speak,  d.  n.,  parler. 

special,  a.,  special. 

spectacles,  lunettes,  /.  pi. 

speed,  vitesse,  /. 

spend,  v.  t.,  depenser. 

spill,  v.  t.,  verser. 

spin  (aero.),  vrille, /. 

splinter,  eclat,  to. 

spoil,  v.  I.,  gater. 

spoke,  rais,  to. 

sponge,  eponge,  /. 

spoon,  cuiller,  /. 

spot,  tache,  /. 

spread  (aero.),  envergure, /. 

spring,  ressort,  to. 

spy,  espion,  to. 

spy,  v.  t.,  espionner. 

squad  (mil.),  escouade, /. 

square,  a.,  carre. 

stable,   ecurie,  /.   (horses)  ;    etable, 

/.  (cattle). 
staff  (mil.),  6tat-major,  to.  ;  general 

— ,     etat-major    general ;      etat- 

major     d'arm6e,      de     l'armee ; 

grand  etat-major. 
stair(s),    escalier,    to.  ;      back    — , 

escalier  de  service, 
staircase,  escalier,  to. 
stake,  jalon,  to.  ;  pieu,  m. 
stake  out,  v.  t.,  jalonner. 
staking  out,  jalonnement,  to. 
stallion,  cheval,  to.,   entier. 
stamp,    timbre,    to.  ;     postage    — , 

timbre-poste. 
stamp,  v.  t.,  timbrer. 
standard      (mil.),      etendard,      to. 

(cavalry). 
star,  etoile,  f. 
start  (aero.),  envoi,  to. 
state,  6tat,  to. 


station,  station,  /. ;  (mil.),  poste, 
to.;  (rr.),  gare ;  dressing  — 
(mil.),  poste  de  secours ;  first 
aid  —  (mil.),  refuge  des  blesses; 
—  master  (rr.),  chef  de  gare. 

stationary  (mil.),  a.,  immobilise; 
to  keep  — ,  immobiliser,  v.  t. 

stay,  jambe,  /.,  de  force. 

steadiness,  fermet6,  /. 

steady,  a.,  ferme,  fixe. 

steam,  vapeur,  /. 

steamer,  vapeur,  to. 

steel,  acier,  to. 

steep,  raide,  a. 

step,  pas,  to.  ;  gradin,  m. 

stick,  baton,  to. 

stick,  v.  t.,  piquer. 

stiff,  a.,  raide. 

still,  adv.,  encore. 

stirrup,  etrier,  to.  ;  —  leather, 
etriviere,  /. 

stoker,  chauffeur,  to. 

stomach,  estomac,  to.  (c  silent). 

stone,  pierre,  /. 

stop,  arret,  to. 

stop,  v.  n.  t.,  arreter;  stopper,  v.  t. 
(of  engines). 

store,  magasin,  m. 

storm,  tempete,  /. 

straight,  a.,  droit. 

strain,  v.  t.,  tendre. 

strange,  «.,  etrange,  singulier. 

strap,  courroie,  /. 

strategy  (mil.),  strategie,  /. 

straw,  paille,  /. ;  chopped  — , 
paille  hach6e. 

stream-lined,  a.  (aero.),  fusele. 

street,  rue,  /. 

stretch,  v.  t.,  tendre. 

stretcher  (mil.),  brancard,  m. 

stretcher  bearer  (mil.),  brancardier, 
to. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


191 


strictly,  adv.,  strictement. 
strike,  v.  t.,  heurter,  frapper. 
striker  {art.,  sm.  a.),  percuteur,  to. 
"  striker  "  (  U.  S.  army),  brosseur, 

TO. 

string,  corde,  /.    (string  in  general)  ; 

cordon,    to.     (length    of     string)  ; 

ficelle, 
stripe  (mil.),  galon,  to. 
stroke,  coup,  to. 
strong,  a.,  fort, 
struggle,  lutte,  /. 
study,  cabinet,  to.,  de  travail. 
submarine,  submersible,  m. ;    sous- 

marin,  to. 
submerge,  v.  t.,  submerger. 
submit  (to),  v.  t.,  resigner. 
subsist,     v.     t.    (mil.),    mettre     en 

subsistance. 
subsistence  (mil.),  subsistance,  /. ; 

—  in  private  houses,  nourriture 

chez  l'habitant. 
succeed,  v.  n.,  reussir. 
success,  succes,  to. 
succession,   succession,  /. ;    in  — , 

de  suite. 
such,  a.,  tel. 
suffer,    v.    n.    1.,     souffrir;     v.    t., 

subir. 
suffice,  v.  n.,  suffire. 
sugar,  sucre,  to. 
sump,  puisard,  to. 
sun,  soleil,  to. 

superintend,  v.  t.,  surveiller. 
supply,     v.     t.     (mil.),     ravitailler, 

appro  visionner. 
supply,  provision,/. ;  approvisionne- 

ment,  to.  ;   (mil.),  ravitaillement. 
support,  appui,  to.  ;    (mil.),  grand'- 

garde,  /. 
support,  v.  t.,  soutenir;    supporter; 

appuyer. 


supreme,  a.,  supreme. 

sure,  a.,  sur. 

surgeon  (mil.),  medecin,  to.;    chief 

—  (mil.),  medecin-chef. 
surrender  (mil.),  reddition, /. 
surrender  (mil.),  se  rendre. 
surround,  v.  t.,  entourer. 
survey,  v.  t.,  lever  un  plan, 
suspender,  bretelle,  /. 
sustain,  v.  t.,  subir. 
swamp,  marais,  to.  ;   marecage,  to. 
swampy,  a.,  marecageux. 
sweater,   tricot,   to.  ;     chandail,   to. 

(slang) . 
swim,  v.  n.,  nager. 
switch   (rr.),   aiguille,  /. ;    —  frog, 

cceur  de  croisement. 
system  (of  railways,  telephones,  etc.), 

reseau,  to. 


table,  table,  /. 

table-cloth,  nappe,  /. 

tackle,  palan,  to. 

tactics  (mil.),  tactique, /. 

tail,  queue,  /. 

tailor,  tailleur,  to. 

take,  v.  t.,  prendre;  to  —  in  hand, 
prendre  a  partie ;  —  back,  v.  t., 
reprendre  ;  to  —  up  (mil.),  replier 
(a  pontoon  bridge,  etc.). 

talk,  v.  n.,  parler ;   causer. 

tall,  a.,  grand. 

tam-o'-shanter  (mil.),  bferet,  to. 

tanned,  a.,  hale. 

target  (art.,  sm.  a.),  but,  to. 

task,  tache,  /. 

tax,  impot,  to.  ;   contribution,  /. 

taxicab,  taxi,  to. 

tea,  the,  to. 

teach,  v.  t.,  enseigner. 

team,  attelage,  to.  ;   lead  —  (art.), 


192 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


attelage  de  devant ;  spare  — 
(mil.,  etc.),  attelage  haut-le-pied  : 
swing  —  (art.),  attelage  du 
milieu;  wheel  —  (art.),  attelage 
de  derriere. 

tear,  dechirure,  /. 

tear,  v.  t.,  dechirer. 

telegram,  telegramme,  m. 

telegraph,  telegraphe,  m. ;  — 
operator,  telegraphiste. 

telegraph,  v.  t.,  telegraphier. 

telephone,  telephone,  m. ;  —  mes- 
sage, coup  de  telephone. 

telephone,  v.  t.,  telephoner. 

telescope,  lunette,  /. 

tell,  v.  t.,  dire. 

tender  (rr.),  tender,  m. 

tent,  tente,  /. ;  shelter  —  (mil.), 
tente-abri,  /. 

terminate,  v.  t.,  aboutir. 

terrain,  terrain,  m. 

terrible,  a.,  terrible. 

territorial  (mil.,  etc.),  territorial,  a. ; 
—  army  (Fr.  a.),  l'armee  terri- 
toriale,  la  territoriale. 

territory,  territoire,  m. 

testify,  v.  t.,  temoigner. 

testimony,  tcmoignage,  m. 

thank,  v.  t.,  remercier. 

thanks,  grace,  /. 

that,  pr.,  ca. 

that,  rel.  pr.,  que ;  qui  (after  a 
preposition,  and  relating  to  a 
person) . 

their,  pr.,  leur. 

them,  pr.,  eux ;  /.,  elles;   lis 

then,  adv.,  puis,  alors,  ensuitr; 
conj.,  done. 

there,  udr.,  la. 

therefore,  conj.,  ainsi,  done ;  par 
consequent. 

there  is,  are,  adv.,  voila. 


thereupon,  adv.,  1^-dessus. 
these,  pr.,  ces ;   ceux-ci,  celles-ei. 
they,  eux,  pr.  m.    pi.  ;   elles,/.  pi. 
thigh,  cuisse,  /. 
thing,   chose,  /. ;  great  — ,  grand'- 

chose. 
thingumbob  (fam.),  machin,  m. 
think,  v.  n.,  penser. 
third,  tiers,  m.  (part,  person). 
thirst,  soif,  /. 
thirsty,  to  be,  avoir  soif. 
this,    pr.,    ce,    m.  ;     cet,    m.    (before 

vowel  or  "  h  "  mute)  ;    cette,  /. 
thoroughbred,  pur  sang,  m.  (horse). 
those,   pr.,   ces;    ces  .  .  .la;    to., 

ceux,    /.,     celles;      m.,     ceux-la, 

/.,  celles-la. 
thou,  pr.,  tu. 
thought,  pensee,  /. 
thousand,  mille,  m.  ;   millier,  m. 
thread,  fil,  m. 
threaten,  v.  t.,  menacer. 
throw,     v.     t.,     jeter;      lancer;    — 

back,     v.    t.,    refouler;     rejeter; 

rcpousser ;    —  head  over  heels, 

v.  t.,  culbuter. 
thumb,  pouce,  m. 
thunder,  v.  n.,  tonner. 
thunder,  tonnerre,  m. 
thunderstorm,  orage,  m. 
thus.  ath\,  ainsi. 
ticket    (rr.,    etc.),    billet,    m.  ;     one 

way    — ,    billet    simple ;     round 

trip  ■— ,  billet   d'aller   et   retour ; 

through  — ,  billet  direct ;  to  buy 

a  — ,  prendre  un  billet, 
ticket-seller  (rr.),  guichetier,  »>. 
ticket-taker  (rr.),  cnntroleur,  m. 
ticket-window  (rr.),  guichet,  m. 
tide,    maree,    /. ;     ebb    — ,    marfee 

descendante ;     flood    — ,    maree 

montante. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


193 


tie,  v.  t.,  Her. 

tighten,  v.  I.,  serrer. 

time,  fois,  /. ;  temps,  m. ;  heure,  /. ; 
epoque,  /. ;  to  gain  —  (of  a 
watch),  avancer;  to  lose  —  (of 
a  watch) ,  retarder  ;  in  — ,  a  temps. 

time-table  (rr.),  horaire,  m. 

tip,  pourboire,  m. 

tire,  bandage,  m. 

tired,  fatigue,  a. 

to,  -prep.,  a  jusque. 

tobacco,  tabac,  m. 

to-day,  adv.,  aujourd'hui. 

toe,  doigt  de  pied,  m. ;  big  — , 
orteil,  m. 

to-morrow,  adv.,  demain. 

ton  (1000  kilograms),  tonne,  /. 

tongue,  langue,  /. ;    patte,  /.  (strip). 

tool,  outil,  m. 

tooth,  dent,  /. 

top,  dessus,  m. 

torpedo,  torpille,  /. 

touch,  i'.  (.,  toucher. 

tow,  v.  t.,  remorquer. 

towards,  prep.,  vers. 

towel,  essuie-main,  m. 

tower,  tour,  /. 

towrope,  remorque,  /. 

track,  piste,  /. ;  voie,  /. 

trail  (art.),  crosse,  /. ;  piste,  /. 
(across  country,  in  woods). 

trailer,  remorque,/.  (auto.). 

train  (rr.,  mil.,  etc.),  train,  m. ; 
(mil.),  train  des  equipages  ;  com- 
bat —  (mil.),  train  de  combat; 
express  —  (rr.),  train  express; 
fast  —  (rr.),  train  de  grande 
vitesse ;  freight  —  (rr.) ,  train 
de  merchandises ;  to  get  on  a 
—  (rr.),  monter  dans  un  train; 
hospital  — ,  sanitary  —  (mil.), 
train    sanitaire ;     local    —    (rr.), 


train  omnibus ;  regimental  — 
(mil.),  train  regimentaire ;  re- 
turn —  (rr.),  train  de  retour. 

transfer,  correspondance,  /.  (street 
car). 

transfer,  v.  t.,  verser. 

transport,  v.  t.,  transporter. 

transportable,  a.,  transportable. 

transportation  (mil.),  transport,  m. 

traverse  (mil.),  traverse,  /. 

treachery,  trahison,  f. 

treat,  v.  t.,  traiter. 

treatment,  traitement,  m. 

tree,  arbre,  m. 

trench  (mil.),  tranchee,  /. ;  com- 
munication —  (mil.),  boyau  ;  — 
of  departure  (mil.),  tranchee  de 
depart;  fire  —  (mil.),  tranchee 
de  tir. 

trestle,  chevalet,  m.    ■ 

trial,  essai,  m. 

trigger  (sm.  a.),  detente,  /. ;  — 
guard,  pontet,  m. 

trim,  v.  t.,  —  the  hair,  rafratchir  les 
cheveux. 

trip,  promenade,  /. 

triplane  (aero.),  triplan,  m. 

troop  (mil.),  troupe,  /.  ;  (cav.), 
escadron,  m.  ;  troops,  la  troupe, 
les  troupes;  —  unit  (mil.), 
unite,  /. 

trooper  (cav.),  cavalier,  m. 

trot,  v.  n.,  trotter. 

trot,  trot,  m. 

trouble,  peine,  /. 

"  trouble  "  (auto,  aero.),  panne,  /. 

trousers,  pantalon,  m. 

truck,  truck,  m. ;   camion,  m. 

true,  a.,  vrai. 

trumpet,  trompette,  /. ;  - —  call 
(mil.),  sonnerie,  /. 

trumpeter  (mil.),  trompette,  m. 


194 


ENGLISH-FRENCH    VOCABULARY 


trunnion  (art.),  tourillon,  m. 

truth,  verite,  /. 

try,  v.  t.,  tacher;   essayer. 

tube,  tube,  m.  ;    tuyau,  m. 

tumbler,  verre,  m. 

tunic  (mil.),  tunique,  /. 

Turk,  a.,  turc  (feminine,  turque). 

Turkey,  Turquie,  /. 

turn,  tour,  m.  ;    tournant,  m. 

turn,  v.  t.  n.,  tourner ;  retourner ; 
—  down,  v.  t.,  rabattre ;  —  (a 
flank),  v.  t.  (mil.),  deborder  (un 
flanc)  ;  to  —  a  trench  (mil.), 
retourner  une  tranchee. 

turnip,  navet,  m. 

two-seater  (aero.),  biplace,  m. 


umbrella,  parapluie,  m. 
under,  prep.,  sous, 
underclothes,  linge,  m. 
undergo,  v.  t.,  subir. 
undershirt,  gilet,  m. 
understand,  v.  t.,  comprendre. 
undress  (mil.),  demi-tenue,  /. 
uniform  (mil.),  uniforme,  m. ;  tenuo, 

/.  (tenue  is  not  the  uniform  itself, 

but  the  kind  or  class,  as  dependent 

on  duty  or  occasions). 
union,  union,  /. 
unit,  unite,  m. 
unite,  v.  t.,  unirv 
United  States,  Etats-Unis,  m.  pi. 
unlimber,  v.  t.  (art.),  oter  l'avant- 

train. 
untenable,  a.,  intenable. 
untransportable,     a.,     intransport- 

able. 
up  there,  adv.,  la-haut. 
urinal,  urinoir,  m. 
us,  pr.,  nous. 


use,   usage,   m. ;    for  the  —  of,  a 

1'usage  de. 
use,  v.  t.,  employer, 
useful,  a.,  utile, 
usefulness,  utilite,  /. 
useless,  a.,  inutile, 
utilize,  v.  t.,  utiliser. 


vacancy,  vacance,  /. 

vacant,  a.,  vacant. 

vacation,  vacances,  /.  pi. 

valiant,  a.,  vaillant. 

valley,  vallee,  /. ;    small  — ,  vallon, 

m. 
valor,  vaillance,  /. 
value,  valeur,  /. 
valve  (mach.),  soupape,  /. ;  slide  — , 

tiroir,  m. 
vegetable,  legume,  m. 
velocity,  vitesse,  /. 
very,  adv.,  tout ;    trds. 
vessel,  vaisseau,  m. 
vest,  gilet,  m. 
vex,  v.  t.,  facher. 
vexed  at,  fache  contre. 
victorious,  a.,  victorieux. 
victory,  victoire,  /. 
view,  vue,  /. 

vigorously,  adv.,  vigoureusement. 
village,  village,  m. 
vinegar,  vinaigre,  m. 
visible,  a.,  visible, 
visit,  tournee,  /. ;  visite,  /. 
visit,    v.   t.,   visiter    (also   means   to 

visit  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting) . 
visor  (mil.),  visiere,  /.  (of  a  forage 

cap). 
void,  vide,  m. 

volplane  (aero.),  vol,  m.,  plane, 
voyage,  voyage,  m. 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


195 


W 

wagoner,  conducteur,  m. 

waistcoat,  gilet,  m. 

wait,  v.  n.  t.,  attendre. 

waiter,  garcon,  m. 

waken,  v.  t.,  reveiller. 

walk,  promenade,  /. 

walk,  v.  n.,  marcher;   aller  au  pas  ; 

se  promener. 
wall,      mur,      m.  ;       muraille,     /. ; 

paroi,  /.  (mur  is  wall  in  general; 

muraille  is  a  great  wall,  suggests 

protection ;    paroi    is    an    inside 

wall,  e.g.,  in  a  house). 
war,  guerre,  /. 
ward  (to)  off,  v.  t.,  parer. 
warfare  (mil.),  guerre,  /. ;   open  — , 

guerre    de    mouvement ;     trench 

— ,  guerre  de  tranchee. 
warriors     (mil.),    gens    de    guerre, 

in.  pi. 
warship,  navire,  in.,  de  guerre, 
wash,  v.  t.,  laver. 
washstand,  lavabo,  m. 
watch,  v.  n.,  veiller  (to  keep  an  eye 

on)  ;   v.  t.,  soigner  (to  care  for). 
watch      (time-piece) ,     montre,     /. ; 

wrist  — ,   mont  re-bracelet,  /. 
water,    eau,   /. ;     —   bottle    (mil.), 

bidon ;     potable    — ,    —    fit    to 

drink,  eau  potable, 
water,     v.     t.,     abreuver     (horses, 

cattle) . 
watercloset,  cabinet,  m. 
watering     trough,      place,     abreu- 

voir,  m. 
wave,    vague,    /. ;      (mil.),    vague 

(the  attacking  lines  are  now  called 

vagues,  waves  of  men) . 
way,  chemin,  in. ;   voie,  /.  ;    moyen, 

m. ;  in  this  — ,  de  la  sorte. 


we,  pr.,  nous. 

weak,  a.,  faible. 

weaken,  v.  t.,  epuiser. 

weapon,  arme,  /. 

wear,  v.  t.,  porter ;  to  —  out,  v.  t., 
user. 

wear,  usure,  /. 

weariness,  ennui,  m. 

weary,  a.,  fatigue. 

weather,  temps,  m. 

week,  semaine,  /. 

weight,  poids,  m.. 

welfare,  salut,  m. 

well,  puits,  m. 

well !  int.,  eh  bien  !  adv.,  bien. 

well-bred,  a.,  comme  il  faut. 

west,  ouest,  in. 

wharf,  quai,  m. 

what,  quoi,  pr. 

wheat,  ble,  m. 

wheel,  roue,  /. 

wheeling  (mil.),  conversion,  /. 

when,  conj.,  lorsque  ;  quand  (quand 
is  general ;  lorsque  is  used  with 
reference  to  a  special  time). 

where,  adv.,  oti. 

which,  rel.  pr.,  qui,  lequel,  m, 
(/.  laquelle,  m.  pi.  lesquels,  /.  pi. 
lesquelles)  ;  a.,  quel,  m.  (quelle, 
/.,  quels,  m.  pi.,  quelles,  /.  pi.). 

while,  conj.,  tandis  que. 

whistle,  sifflet,  m. 

whistle,  v.  n.,  siffler. 

who,  rel.  pr.,  qui. 

whom,  rel.  pr.,  que,  lequel ;  (per- 
sons, only),  qui. 

whose,  rel.  pr.,  dont,  de  qui. 

why,  adv.,  pourquoi. 

wick,  meche,  /. 

wide,  a.,  large. 

width,  largeur,  /. 

wife,  femme,  /. 


196 


ENGLISH-FRENCH   VOCABULARY 


willing,  to  be  — ,  vouloir  bien. 

willingly,  adv.,  volontiers. 

wind,  vent,  m. 

winded,  a.,  essouffle, 

window,     fenetre,    /. ;      —    pane, 

vitre,  /. 
wine,  vin,  to. 
wing,  aile,  /. 

wire,  fil,  to. ;   fil  de  fer ;  barbed  — , 
fil  de  fer  barbel6 ;    —  entangle- 
ments (mil.),  reseau  de  fil  de  fer 
barbele. 
wise,  a.,  sage. 
wish,  v.  t.,  vouloir. 
with,  prep.,  avec. 
withdraw,  v.  t.,  retirer;  eloigner,  se 

retirer,  s'  eloigner, 
withdrawal,      recul,      to. ;       (mil.), 

retraite. 
without,  prep.,  sans, 
witness,  temoin,  to. 
woman,  femme,  /. 
wood,  n.,  bois,  to. 
wooded,  a.,  boise. 
woods,  bois,  to. 
wool,  laine,  /. 
word,  mot,  to.  ;  parole,  f. 
work,    travail;    to.     pi.,    travaux; 
(mil.),     ouvrage      (fortification)  ; 
oeuvre,  /.  (i.e.,  of  an  author,  etc.). 
work,  i'.  n.,  travailler. 
workman,  ouvricr,  m 
world,  monde,  to. 


worry,  souci,  to. 

worth,  valeur,  /. 

worthy,  a.,  digne. 

wound,  blessure,  /. 

wound,  v.  t.,  blesser. 

wounded  (man)   (mil.,  etc.),  blesse, 

to.  ;    severely    —    (mil.),    grand 

blesse. 
wretched,  a.,  vilain  ;  maudit. 
wrist,  poignet,  to. 
wrong,  tort,  to.  ;    to  be  — ,  avoir 

tort. 


year    (reference  to  dates),    an,    to.  ; 

(with      reference      to      duration), 

annee,  /. 
yellow,  a.,  jaune. 
yes,  adv.,  oui. 
yesterday,   adv.,   hier ;    day  before 

— ,  avant-hier. 
young,  a.,  jeune. 
youngster,  garcon,  m. 


zeal,  zele,  to. 

zealous,  zele,  a. 

zigzag  (mil.),  zigzag,  to. 

zinc,  zinc,  to. 

zinc,  v.  t.,  zinguer,  v.  t. 

Zouave  (mil.),  zouave,  m. 

zone  (mil.),  zone,  f. 


Printed  in  the  United  States  of  America. 


'T^HE  following  pages  contain  advertisements  of 
a  few  of  the  Macmillan  books  on  kindred 
subjects. 


Machine  Gun  Practice  and  Tactics 

For  Officers,  N.  C.  O.'s  and  Men 
By  Lieut.  K.  B.  McKELLAR 

Canadian  Machine  Gun  Service 

Cloth,  i6mo,  go  cents 

The  author  of  this  book  has  been  at  the  front  during  the 
past  three  years  instructing  men  for  active  service  in  the 
present  war.  The  methods  of  organization  of  Machine  Gun 
Units  and  the  sequence  of  training  set  forth  embody  the 
results  of  this  valuable  experience. 

CONTENTS 

Objects  and  Outline  of  Training. 

Organization  and  Equipment  of  Machine  Gun  Service. 

Characteristics  of  the  Machine  Gun. 

Allocation  of  Duties. 

Brief  Vocabulary  of  Military  Terms. 

Visual  Training  and  Judging  Distance. 

Indication  and  Recognition  of  Targets. 

Theory  of  Machine  Gun  Fire. 

Fire  Direction. 

Combined  Sights  and  Vertical  Searching. 

Fire  Orders  and  Signals. 

Night  Firing. 

Overhead  Fire. 

Indirect  Fire. 

Range  Cards. 

The  Occupation  of  Various  Positions  by  Machine  Guns. 

Machine  Guns  in  Open  Warfare. 

Machine  Gun  Trench  Warfare. 

Machine  Gun  Field  Works. 

Organization  and  Duties  in  Trenches. 

Taking  Over  Trenches. 

The  Attack. 


THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 


Christine 

By  ALICE  CHOLMONDELEY 

Decorated  Boards,  i2mo,  $1.25 

"  A  book  which  is  true  in  essentials  —  so  real  that  one  is 
tempted  to  doubt  whether  it  is  fiction  at  all  —  doubly  wel- 
come and  doubly  important.  ...  It  would  be  difficult  in- 
deed to  find  a  book  in  which  the  state  of  mind  of  the  German 
people  is  pictured  so  cleverly,  with  so  much  understanding 
and  convincing  detail.  .  .  .  Intelligent,  generous,  sweet- 
natured,  broadminded,  quick  to  see  and  to  appreciate  all  that 
is  beautiful  either  in  nature  or  in  art,  rejoicing  humbly  over 
her  own  great  gift,  endowed  with  a  keen  sense  of  humor, 
Christine's  is  a  thoroughly  wholesome  and  lovable  character. 
But  charming  as  Christine's  personality  and  her  literary  style 
both  are,  the  main  value  of  the  book  lies  in  its  admirably 
lucid  analysis  of  the  German  mind."  —  New  York  Times. 

"  Absolutely  different  from  preceding  books  of  the  war. 
Its  very  freedom  and  girlishness  of  expression,  its  very  sim- 
plicity and  open-heartedness,  prove  the  truth  of  its  pictures." 
—  New  York  World. 

"  A  luminous  story  of  a  sensitive  and  generous  nature,  the 
spontaneous  expression  of  one  spirited,  affectionate,  ardently 
ambitious,  and  blessed  with  a  sense  of  humor."  —  Boston 
Herald. 

"  The  next  time  some  sentimental  old  lady  of  either  sex, 
who  '  can't  see  why  we  have  to  send  our  boys  abroad '  comes 
into  your  vision,  ^nd  you  know  they  are  too  unintelligent 
(they  usually  are)  to  understand  a  serious  essay,  try  to  trap 
them  into  reading  '  Christine.'  If  you  succeed  we  know  it  will 
do  them  good."  —  Town  and  Country. 


THE    MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

Publishers  64-66  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


With  the  Flying  Squadron 

*  By  HAROLD  ROSHER 


$1-25 


"  A  stirring  narrative  of  adventure  which  gives  the  reader 
many  a  thrill  and  which  shows  an  entirely  new  side  of  the 
war  —  distinctly  new  in  that  this  is  the  first  great  conflict  in 
which  the  aeroplane  has  played  an  important  part.  One  does 
not  see  the  horror  of  warfare  in  Mr.  Rosher's  writing,  as  the 
air-pilot  is  apparently  further  removed  from  scenes  of  blood- 
shed and  carnage  than  other  officers  in  the  services  ;  it  is 
largely  a  feeling  of  exhilaration,  of  breathless  daring  which 
he  experiences  and  these  characteristics  are  well  imparted 
to  the  reader  in  Mr.  Rosher's  sketches."  —  Philadelphia 
Press. 

"  There  is  perhaps  no  book  in  the  entire  round  of  warlike 
publications  which  gives  to  the  civilian  so  strong  a  sense  of 
the  utter  recklessness  of  the  assured  certainty  of  the  aviator's 
eventual  fate.  .  .  .  There  has  been  heretofore  published  no 
such  ample,  convincing  portrayal  of  the  life  of  an  air-fighter 
as  is  disclosed  in  these  letters.  .  .  .  Lieutenant  Rosher's 
terse,  dramatic  letters  vividly  foreshadow  the  new  period  and 
method  of  warlike  adventure. 

"  One  of  the  most  fascinating  documents  which  the  war  has 
produced."  —  Churchman 

"  Fullest  and  most  convincing  pictures  of  air  fighters'  exist- 
ence that  have  yet  been  offered  to  the  public."  —  Boston 
Globe. 


THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

Publishers  64-66  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last 
date  stamped  below 


<te 


JAN  29  10/9 
R  11  1953 


AUb  9  -  19U4 

to    . 

airci  1 1961 

REC'D  li-W» 


HW4 

NOV  6 


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,-- 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY 


FACILITY 


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